问题：是否可以将数字设置为NaN或无穷大？

是否可以NaN在Python中将数组的元素设置为？

另外，是否可以将变量设置为+/-无穷大？如果是这样，是否有任何功能可以检查数字是否为无穷大？

点击查看英文原文

Is it possible to set an element of an array to NaN in Python?

Additionally, is it possible to set a variable to +/- infinity? If so, is there any function to check whether a number is infinity or not?

回答 0

使用float()以下内容从字符串进行转换：

>>> float('NaN')
nan
>>> float('Inf')
inf
>>> -float('Inf')
-inf
>>> float('Inf') == float('Inf')
True
>>> float('Inf') == 1
False
点击查看英文原文

Cast from string using float():

>>> float('NaN')
nan
>>> float('Inf')
inf
>>> -float('Inf')
-inf
>>> float('Inf') == float('Inf')
True
>>> float('Inf') == 1
False

回答 1

是的，您可以使用numpy它。

import numpy as np
a = arange(3,dtype=float)

a[0] = np.nan
a[1] = np.inf
a[2] = -np.inf

a # is now [nan,inf,-inf]

np.isnan(a[0]) # True
np.isinf(a[1]) # True
np.isinf(a[2]) # True
点击查看英文原文

Yes, you can use numpy for that.

import numpy as np
a = arange(3,dtype=float)

a[0] = np.nan
a[1] = np.inf
a[2] = -np.inf

a # is now [nan,inf,-inf]

np.isnan(a[0]) # True
np.isinf(a[1]) # True
np.isinf(a[2]) # True

回答 2

是否可以将数字设置为NaN或无穷大？

是的，实际上有几种方法。一些工作没有任何导入，而另一些工作则需要import，但是对于此答案，我将概述中的库限制为standard-library和NumPy（这不是标准库，而是一个非常常见的第​​三方库）。

下表总结了如何创建一个非数字或正负无穷大的方式float：

╒══════════╤══════════════╤════════════════════╤════════════════════╕
│   result │ NaN          │ Infinity           │ -Infinity          │
│ module   │              │                    │                    │
╞══════════╪══════════════╪════════════════════╪════════════════════╡
│ built-in │ float("nan") │ float("inf")       │ -float("inf")      │
│          │              │ float("infinity")  │ -float("infinity") │
│          │              │ float("+inf")      │ float("-inf")      │
│          │              │ float("+infinity") │ float("-infinity") │
├──────────┼──────────────┼────────────────────┼────────────────────┤
│ math     │ math.nan     │ math.inf           │ -math.inf          │
├──────────┼──────────────┼────────────────────┼────────────────────┤
│ cmath    │ cmath.nan    │ cmath.inf          │ -cmath.inf         │
├──────────┼──────────────┼────────────────────┼────────────────────┤
│ numpy    │ numpy.nan    │ numpy.PINF         │ numpy.NINF         │
│          │ numpy.NaN    │ numpy.inf          │ -numpy.inf         │
│          │ numpy.NAN    │ numpy.infty        │ -numpy.infty       │
│          │              │ numpy.Inf          │ -numpy.Inf         │
│          │              │ numpy.Infinity     │ -numpy.Infinity    │
╘══════════╧══════════════╧════════════════════╧════════════════════╛

桌子上有几句话：

  • 该float构造函数实际上是不区分大小写的，所以你也可以使用float("NaN")或float("InFiNiTy")。
  • 的 cmath和numpy常量返回普通的Python float对象。
  • 的 numpy.NINF其实是我知道的，不需要的唯一不变的-。

  • 可以使用complex和创建复杂的NaN和Infinitycmath：

    ╒══════════╤════════════════╤═════════════════╤═════════════════════╤══════════════════════╕
│   result │ NaN+0j         │ 0+NaNj          │ Inf+0j              │ 0+Infj               │
│ module   │                │                 │                     │                      │
╞══════════╪════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════════════════════╪══════════════════════╡
│ built-in │ complex("nan") │ complex("nanj") │ complex("inf")      │ complex("infj")      │
│          │                │                 │ complex("infinity") │ complex("infinityj") │
├──────────┼────────────────┼─────────────────┼─────────────────────┼──────────────────────┤
│ cmath    │ cmath.nan ¹    │ cmath.nanj      │ cmath.inf ¹         │ cmath.infj           │
╘══════════╧════════════════╧═════════════════╧═════════════════════╧══════════════════════╛

    带有¹的选项返回一个普通的float，而不是complex。

有什么功能可以检查数字是否为无穷大？

是的，有-实际上，NaN，Infinity和Nan和Inf都具有多个功能。但是，这些预定义功能不是内置的，它们始终需要import：

╒══════════╤═════════════╤════════════════╤════════════════════╕
│      for │ NaN         │ Infinity or    │ not NaN and        │
│          │             │ -Infinity      │ not Infinity and   │
│ module   │             │                │ not -Infinity      │
╞══════════╪═════════════╪════════════════╪════════════════════╡
│ math     │ math.isnan  │ math.isinf     │ math.isfinite      │
├──────────┼─────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────────┤
│ cmath    │ cmath.isnan │ cmath.isinf    │ cmath.isfinite     │
├──────────┼─────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────────┤
│ numpy    │ numpy.isnan │ numpy.isinf    │ numpy.isfinite     │
╘══════════╧═════════════╧════════════════╧════════════════════╛

再说几句话：

  • 的 cmath和numpy功能也工作了复杂的对象，他们会检查是否真实或虚部是NAN或无穷。
  • 该numpy功能也适用于numpy数组以及可以转换为一个数组的所有内容（例如列表，元组等）。
  • 还有一些函数可以在NumPy：numpy.isposinf和中显式检查正负无穷大numpy.isneginf。
  • 熊猫提供了两个附加功能来检查NaN：pandas.isna和pandas.isnull（但不仅是NaN，它还与None和相匹配NaT）

  • 即使没有内置函数，也可以轻松地自己创建它们（我在这里忽略了类型检查和文档）：

    def isnan(value):
    return value != value  # NaN is not equal to anything, not even itself

infinity = float("infinity")

def isinf(value):
    return abs(value) == infinity 

def isfinite(value):
    return not (isnan(value) or isinf(value))

总结这些功能的预期结果（假设输入为浮点数）：

╒════════════════╤═══════╤════════════╤═════════════╤══════════════════╕
│          input │ NaN   │ Infinity   │ -Infinity   │ something else   │
│ function       │       │            │             │                  │
╞════════════════╪═══════╪════════════╪═════════════╪══════════════════╡
│ isnan          │ True  │ False      │ False       │ False            │
├────────────────┼───────┼────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────────┤
│ isinf          │ False │ True       │ True        │ False            │
├────────────────┼───────┼────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────────┤
│ isfinite       │ False │ False      │ False       │ True             │
╘════════════════╧═══════╧════════════╧═════════════╧══════════════════╛

可以在Python中将数组的元素设置为NaN吗？

在列表中没问题，您可以始终在其中添加NaN（或Infinity）：

>>> [math.nan, math.inf, -math.inf, 1]  # python list
[nan, inf, -inf, 1]

但是，如果您想将其包含在array（例如array.array或numpy.array）中，则数组的类型必须为float或，complex因为否则它将尝试将其向下转换为数组的类型！

>>> import numpy as np
>>> float_numpy_array = np.array([0., 0., 0.], dtype=float)
>>> float_numpy_array[0] = float("nan")
>>> float_numpy_array
array([nan,  0.,  0.])

>>> import array
>>> float_array = array.array('d', [0, 0, 0])
>>> float_array[0] = float("nan")
>>> float_array
array('d', [nan, 0.0, 0.0])

>>> integer_numpy_array = np.array([0, 0, 0], dtype=int)
>>> integer_numpy_array[0] = float("nan")
ValueError: cannot convert float NaN to integer
点击查看英文原文

Is it possible to set a number to NaN or infinity?

Yes, in fact there are several ways. A few work without any imports, while others require import, however for this answer I’ll limit the libraries in the overview to standard-library and NumPy (which isn’t standard-library but a very common third-party library).

The following table summarizes the ways how one can create a not-a-number or a positive or negative infinity float:

╒══════════╤══════════════╤════════════════════╤════════════════════╕
│   result │ NaN          │ Infinity           │ -Infinity          │
│ module   │              │                    │                    │
╞══════════╪══════════════╪════════════════════╪════════════════════╡
│ built-in │ float("nan") │ float("inf")       │ -float("inf")      │
│          │              │ float("infinity")  │ -float("infinity") │
│          │              │ float("+inf")      │ float("-inf")      │
│          │              │ float("+infinity") │ float("-infinity") │
├──────────┼──────────────┼────────────────────┼────────────────────┤
│ math     │ math.nan     │ math.inf           │ -math.inf          │
├──────────┼──────────────┼────────────────────┼────────────────────┤
│ cmath    │ cmath.nan    │ cmath.inf          │ -cmath.inf         │
├──────────┼──────────────┼────────────────────┼────────────────────┤
│ numpy    │ numpy.nan    │ numpy.PINF         │ numpy.NINF         │
│          │ numpy.NaN    │ numpy.inf          │ -numpy.inf         │
│          │ numpy.NAN    │ numpy.infty        │ -numpy.infty       │
│          │              │ numpy.Inf          │ -numpy.Inf         │
│          │              │ numpy.Infinity     │ -numpy.Infinity    │
╘══════════╧══════════════╧════════════════════╧════════════════════╛

A couple remarks to the table:

  • The float constructor is actually case-insensitive, so you can also use float("NaN") or float("InFiNiTy").
  • The cmath and numpy constants return plain Python float objects.
  • The numpy.NINF is actually the only constant I know of that doesn’t require the -.

  • It is possible to create complex NaN and Infinity with complex and cmath:

    ╒══════════╤════════════════╤═════════════════╤═════════════════════╤══════════════════════╕
│   result │ NaN+0j         │ 0+NaNj          │ Inf+0j              │ 0+Infj               │
│ module   │                │                 │                     │                      │
╞══════════╪════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════════════════════╪══════════════════════╡
│ built-in │ complex("nan") │ complex("nanj") │ complex("inf")      │ complex("infj")      │
│          │                │                 │ complex("infinity") │ complex("infinityj") │
├──────────┼────────────────┼─────────────────┼─────────────────────┼──────────────────────┤
│ cmath    │ cmath.nan ¹    │ cmath.nanj      │ cmath.inf ¹         │ cmath.infj           │
╘══════════╧════════════════╧═════════════════╧═════════════════════╧══════════════════════╛

    The options with ¹ return a plain float, not a complex.

is there any function to check whether a number is infinity or not?

Yes there is – in fact there are several functions for NaN, Infinity, and neither Nan nor Inf. However these predefined functions are not built-in, they always require an import:

╒══════════╤═════════════╤════════════════╤════════════════════╕
│      for │ NaN         │ Infinity or    │ not NaN and        │
│          │             │ -Infinity      │ not Infinity and   │
│ module   │             │                │ not -Infinity      │
╞══════════╪═════════════╪════════════════╪════════════════════╡
│ math     │ math.isnan  │ math.isinf     │ math.isfinite      │
├──────────┼─────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────────┤
│ cmath    │ cmath.isnan │ cmath.isinf    │ cmath.isfinite     │
├──────────┼─────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────────┤
│ numpy    │ numpy.isnan │ numpy.isinf    │ numpy.isfinite     │
╘══════════╧═════════════╧════════════════╧════════════════════╛

Again a couple of remarks:

  • The cmath and numpy functions also work for complex objects, they will check if either real or imaginary part is NaN or Infinity.
  • The numpy functions also work for numpy arrays and everything that can be converted to one (like lists, tuple, etc.)
  • There are also functions that explicitly check for positive and negative infinity in NumPy: numpy.isposinf and numpy.isneginf.
  • Pandas offers two additional functions to check for NaN: pandas.isna and pandas.isnull (but not only NaN, it matches also None and NaT)

  • Even though there are no built-in functions, it would be easy to create them yourself (I neglected type checking and documentation here):

    def isnan(value):
    return value != value  # NaN is not equal to anything, not even itself

infinity = float("infinity")

def isinf(value):
    return abs(value) == infinity 

def isfinite(value):
    return not (isnan(value) or isinf(value))

To summarize the expected results for these functions (assuming the input is a float):

╒════════════════╤═══════╤════════════╤═════════════╤══════════════════╕
│          input │ NaN   │ Infinity   │ -Infinity   │ something else   │
│ function       │       │            │             │                  │
╞════════════════╪═══════╪════════════╪═════════════╪══════════════════╡
│ isnan          │ True  │ False      │ False       │ False            │
├────────────────┼───────┼────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────────┤
│ isinf          │ False │ True       │ True        │ False            │
├────────────────┼───────┼────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────────┤
│ isfinite       │ False │ False      │ False       │ True             │
╘════════════════╧═══════╧════════════╧═════════════╧══════════════════╛

Is it possible to set an element of an array to NaN in Python?

In a list it’s no problem, you can always include NaN (or Infinity) there:

>>> [math.nan, math.inf, -math.inf, 1]  # python list
[nan, inf, -inf, 1]

However if you want to include it in an array (for example array.array or numpy.array) then the type of the array must be float or complex because otherwise it will try to downcast it to the arrays type!

>>> import numpy as np
>>> float_numpy_array = np.array([0., 0., 0.], dtype=float)
>>> float_numpy_array[0] = float("nan")
>>> float_numpy_array
array([nan,  0.,  0.])

>>> import array
>>> float_array = array.array('d', [0, 0, 0])
>>> float_array[0] = float("nan")
>>> float_array
array('d', [nan, 0.0, 0.0])

>>> integer_numpy_array = np.array([0, 0, 0], dtype=int)
>>> integer_numpy_array[0] = float("nan")
ValueError: cannot convert float NaN to integer

回答 3

使用Python 2.4时，请尝试

inf = float("9e999")
nan = inf - inf

当我将simplejson移植到运行Python 2.4的嵌入式设备时，遇到了问题float("9e999")。不要使用inf = 9e999，您需要将其从字符串转换为。 -inf给出-Infinity。

点击查看英文原文

When using Python 2.4, try

inf = float("9e999")
nan = inf - inf

I am facing the issue when I was porting the simplejson to an embedded device which running the Python 2.4, float("9e999") fixed it. Don’t use inf = 9e999, you need convert it from string. -inf gives the -Infinity.

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