问题:如何在Python中打破一系列链接方法?

我有以下代码行(不要怪罪命名约定,它们不是我的):

subkeyword = Session.query(
    Subkeyword.subkeyword_id, Subkeyword.subkeyword_word
).filter_by(
    subkeyword_company_id=self.e_company_id
).filter_by(
    subkeyword_word=subkeyword_word
).filter_by(
    subkeyword_active=True
).one()

我不喜欢它的外观(不太可读),但是在这种情况下,我没有更好的主意将行数限制为79个字符。有没有更好的方法来破解它(最好没有反斜杠)?

I have a line of the following code (don’t blame for naming conventions, they are not mine):

subkeyword = Session.query(
    Subkeyword.subkeyword_id, Subkeyword.subkeyword_word
).filter_by(
    subkeyword_company_id=self.e_company_id
).filter_by(
    subkeyword_word=subkeyword_word
).filter_by(
    subkeyword_active=True
).one()

I don’t like how it looks like (not too readable) but I don’t have any better idea to limit lines to 79 characters in this situation. Is there a better way of breaking it (preferably without backslashes)?


回答 0

您可以使用其他括号:

subkeyword = (
        Session.query(Subkeyword.subkeyword_id, Subkeyword.subkeyword_word)
        .filter_by(subkeyword_company_id=self.e_company_id)
        .filter_by(subkeyword_word=subkeyword_word)
        .filter_by(subkeyword_active=True)
        .one()
    )

You could use additional parenthesis:

subkeyword = (
        Session.query(Subkeyword.subkeyword_id, Subkeyword.subkeyword_word)
        .filter_by(subkeyword_company_id=self.e_company_id)
        .filter_by(subkeyword_word=subkeyword_word)
        .filter_by(subkeyword_active=True)
        .one()
    )

回答 1

在这种情况下,最好使用连续行字符代替括号。随着方法名称变长以及方法开始采用参数,对这种样式的需求变得更加明显:

subkeyword = Session.query(Subkeyword.subkeyword_id, Subkeyword.subkeyword_word) \
                    .filter_by(subkeyword_company_id=self.e_company_id)          \
                    .filter_by(subkeyword_word=subkeyword_word)                  \
                    .filter_by(subkeyword_active=True)                           \
                    .one()

PEP 8旨在以一种常识的方式进行解释,并兼顾实用性和美观性。很高兴违反任何导致难看或难以阅读代码的PEP 8准则。

话虽如此,如果您经常发现自己与PEP 8不符,则可能表明存在一些可读性问题超出了对空白的选择:-)

This is a case where a line continuation character is preferred to open parentheses. The need for this style becomes more obvious as method names get longer and as methods start taking arguments:

subkeyword = Session.query(Subkeyword.subkeyword_id, Subkeyword.subkeyword_word) \
                    .filter_by(subkeyword_company_id=self.e_company_id)          \
                    .filter_by(subkeyword_word=subkeyword_word)                  \
                    .filter_by(subkeyword_active=True)                           \
                    .one()

PEP 8 is intend to be interpreted with a measure of common-sense and an eye for both the practical and the beautiful. Happily violate any PEP 8 guideline that results in ugly or hard to read code.

That being said, if you frequently find yourself at odds with PEP 8, it may be a sign that there are readability issues that transcend your choice of whitespace :-)


回答 2

我个人的选择是:

子关键字= Session.query(
    Subkeyword.subkeyword_id,
    Subkeyword.subkeyword_word,
)。过滤(
    subkeyword_company_id = self.e_company_id,
    subkeyword_word = subkeyword_word,
    subkeyword_active =真实,
)。之一()

My personal choice would be:

subkeyword = Session.query(
    Subkeyword.subkeyword_id,
    Subkeyword.subkeyword_word,
).filter_by(
    subkeyword_company_id=self.e_company_id,
    subkeyword_word=subkeyword_word,
    subkeyword_active=True,
).one()

回答 3

只需存储中间结果/对象并在其上调用下一个方法,例如

q = Session.query(Subkeyword.subkeyword_id, Subkeyword.subkeyword_word)
q = q.filter_by(subkeyword_company_id=self.e_company_id)
q = q.filter_by(subkeyword_word=subkeyword_word)
q = q.filter_by(subkeyword_active=True)
subkeyword = q.one()

Just store the intermediate result/object and invoke the next method on it, e.g.

q = Session.query(Subkeyword.subkeyword_id, Subkeyword.subkeyword_word)
q = q.filter_by(subkeyword_company_id=self.e_company_id)
q = q.filter_by(subkeyword_word=subkeyword_word)
q = q.filter_by(subkeyword_active=True)
subkeyword = q.one()

回答 4

根据Python语言参考,
您可以使用反斜杠。
或简单地打破它。如果括号未配对,则python不会将其视为一行。在这种情况下,以下行的缩进无关紧要。

According to Python Language Reference
You can use a backslash.
Or simply break it. If a bracket is not paired, python will not treat that as a line. And under such circumstance, the indentation of following lines doesn’t matter.


回答 5

它与其他人提供的解决方案有些不同,但我的最爱,因为它有时会导致漂亮的元编程。

base = [Subkeyword.subkeyword_id, Subkeyword_word]
search = {
    'subkeyword_company_id':self.e_company_id,
    'subkeyword_word':subkeyword_word,
    'subkeyword_active':True,
    }
subkeyword = Session.query(*base).filter_by(**search).one()

这是构建搜索的好方法。浏览条件列表,从复杂的查询表单(或基于字符串的有关用户正在寻找的内容的推论)中进行挖掘,然后将字典分解到过滤器中。

It’s a bit of a different solution than provided by others but a favorite of mine since it leads to nifty metaprogramming sometimes.

base = [Subkeyword.subkeyword_id, Subkeyword_word]
search = {
    'subkeyword_company_id':self.e_company_id,
    'subkeyword_word':subkeyword_word,
    'subkeyword_active':True,
    }
subkeyword = Session.query(*base).filter_by(**search).one()

This is a nice technique for building searches. Go through a list of conditionals to mine from your complex query form (or string-based deductions about what the user is looking for), then just explode the dictionary into the filter.


回答 6

您似乎在使用SQLAlchemy,如果为true,则sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.filter_by()方法采用多个关键字参数,因此您可以这样编写:

subkeyword = Session.query(Subkeyword.subkeyword_id,
                           Subkeyword.subkeyword_word) \
                    .filter_by(subkeyword_company_id=self.e_company_id,
                               subkeyword_word=subkeyword_word,
                               subkeyword_active=True) \
                    .one()

但这会更好:

subkeyword = Session.query(Subkeyword.subkeyword_id,
                           Subkeyword.subkeyword_word)
subkeyword = subkeyword.filter_by(subkeyword_company_id=self.e_company_id,
                                  subkeyword_word=subkeyword_word,
                                  subkeyword_active=True)
subkeuword = subkeyword.one()

You seems using SQLAlchemy, if it is true, sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.filter_by() method takes multiple keyword arguments, so you could write like:

subkeyword = Session.query(Subkeyword.subkeyword_id,
                           Subkeyword.subkeyword_word) \
                    .filter_by(subkeyword_company_id=self.e_company_id,
                               subkeyword_word=subkeyword_word,
                               subkeyword_active=True) \
                    .one()

But it would be better:

subkeyword = Session.query(Subkeyword.subkeyword_id,
                           Subkeyword.subkeyword_word)
subkeyword = subkeyword.filter_by(subkeyword_company_id=self.e_company_id,
                                  subkeyword_word=subkeyword_word,
                                  subkeyword_active=True)
subkeuword = subkeyword.one()

回答 7

我喜欢将参数缩进两个块,将语句缩进一个块,如下所示:

for image_pathname in image_directory.iterdir():
    image = cv2.imread(str(image_pathname))
    input_image = np.resize(
            image, (height, width, 3)
        ).transpose((2,0,1)).reshape(1, 3, height, width)
    net.forward_all(data=input_image)
    segmentation_index = net.blobs[
            'argmax'
        ].data.squeeze().transpose(1,2,0).astype(np.uint8)
    segmentation = np.empty(segmentation_index.shape, dtype=np.uint8)
    cv2.LUT(segmentation_index, label_colours, segmentation)
    prediction_pathname = prediction_directory / image_pathname.name
    cv2.imwrite(str(prediction_pathname), segmentation)

I like to indent the arguments by two blocks, and the statement by one block, like these:

for image_pathname in image_directory.iterdir():
    image = cv2.imread(str(image_pathname))
    input_image = np.resize(
            image, (height, width, 3)
        ).transpose((2,0,1)).reshape(1, 3, height, width)
    net.forward_all(data=input_image)
    segmentation_index = net.blobs[
            'argmax'
        ].data.squeeze().transpose(1,2,0).astype(np.uint8)
    segmentation = np.empty(segmentation_index.shape, dtype=np.uint8)
    cv2.LUT(segmentation_index, label_colours, segmentation)
    prediction_pathname = prediction_directory / image_pathname.name
    cv2.imwrite(str(prediction_pathname), segmentation)

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