知识问答

从子目录导入文件？

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问题：从子目录导入文件？
回答 0
回答 1
回答 2
回答 3
回答 4
回答 5
回答 6
回答 7
回答 8
工作实例
Working example
回答 9
回答 10

问题：从子目录导入文件？

我的档案tester.py位于/project。

/project有一个名为的子目录lib，文件名为BoxTime.py：

/project/tester.py
/project/lib/BoxTime.py

我想导入BoxTime的tester。我已经试过了：

import lib.BoxTime

结果是：

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "./tester.py", line 3, in <module>
    import lib.BoxTime
ImportError: No module named lib.BoxTime

任何想法如何BoxTime从子目录导入？

编辑

该__init__.py是问题，但不要忘了提及BoxTime作为lib.BoxTime，或使用：

import lib.BoxTime as BT
...
BT.bt_function()
点击查看英文原文

I have a file called tester.py, located on /project.

/project has a subdirectory called lib, with a file called BoxTime.py:

/project/tester.py
/project/lib/BoxTime.py

I want to import BoxTime from tester. I have tried this:

import lib.BoxTime

Which resulted:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "./tester.py", line 3, in <module>
    import lib.BoxTime
ImportError: No module named lib.BoxTime

Any ideas how to import BoxTime from the subdirectory?

EDIT

The __init__.py was the problem, but don’t forget to refer to BoxTime as lib.BoxTime, or use:

import lib.BoxTime as BT
...
BT.bt_function()

回答 0

在此处查看Packages文档（第6.4节）：http : //docs.python.org/tutorial/modules.html

简而言之，您需要放置一个名为 

__init__.py

在“ lib”目录中。

点击查看英文原文

Take a look at the Packages documentation (Section 6.4) here: http://docs.python.org/tutorial/modules.html

In short, you need to put a blank file named 

__init__.py

in the “lib” directory.

回答 1

  • 创建一个名为的子目录lib。
  • 创建一个名为的空文件lib\__init__.py。

  • 在中lib\BoxTime.py，编写如下函数foo()：

    def foo():
    print "foo!"

  • 在上面目录中的客户机代码中lib，编写：

    from lib import BoxTime
BoxTime.foo()

  • 运行您的客户端代码。你会得到：

    foo!

后来，在Linux中，它看起来像这样：

% cd ~/tmp
% mkdir lib
% touch lib/__init__.py
% cat > lib/BoxTime.py << EOF
heredoc> def foo():
heredoc>     print "foo!"
heredoc> EOF
% tree lib
lib
├── BoxTime.py
└── __init__.py

0 directories, 2 files
% python 
Python 2.7.6 (default, Mar 22 2014, 22:59:56) 
[GCC 4.8.2] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from lib import BoxTime
>>> BoxTime.foo()
foo!
点击查看英文原文
  • Create a subdirectory named lib.
  • Create an empty file named lib\__init__.py.

  • In lib\BoxTime.py, write a function foo() like this:

    def foo():
    print "foo!"

  • In your client code in the directory above lib, write:

    from lib import BoxTime
BoxTime.foo()

  • Run your client code. You will get:

    foo!

Much later — in linux, it would look like this:

% cd ~/tmp
% mkdir lib
% touch lib/__init__.py
% cat > lib/BoxTime.py << EOF
heredoc> def foo():
heredoc>     print "foo!"
heredoc> EOF
% tree lib
lib
├── BoxTime.py
└── __init__.py

0 directories, 2 files
% python 
Python 2.7.6 (default, Mar 22 2014, 22:59:56) 
[GCC 4.8.2] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from lib import BoxTime
>>> BoxTime.foo()
foo!

回答 2

您可以尝试将其插入sys.path：

sys.path.insert(0, './lib')
import BoxTime
点击查看英文原文

You can try inserting it in sys.path:

sys.path.insert(0, './lib')
import BoxTime

回答 3

我写下来是因为每个人似乎都建议您必须创建lib目录。

您无需命名子目录lib。你能说出它anything提供你把一个__init__.py进去。

您可以通过在Linux shell中输入以下命令来做到这一点：

$ touch anything/__init__.py

所以现在您有了以下结构：

$ ls anything/
__init__.py
mylib.py

$ ls
main.py

然后，你可以导入mylib到main.py这样的：

from anything import mylib 

mylib.myfun()

您也可以像这样导入函数和类：

from anything.mylib import MyClass
from anything.mylib import myfun

instance = MyClass()
result = myfun()

您放置在其中的任何变量函数或类__init__.py也可以访问：

import anything

print(anything.myvar)

或像这样：

from anything import myvar

print(myvar)
点击查看英文原文

I am writing this down because everyone seems to suggest that you have to create a lib directory.

You don’t need to name your sub-directory lib. You can name it anything provided you put an __init__.py into it.

You can do that by entering the following command in a linux shell:

$ touch anything/__init__.py

So now you have this structure:

$ ls anything/
__init__.py
mylib.py

$ ls
main.py

Then you can import mylib into main.py like this:

from anything import mylib 

mylib.myfun()

You can also import functions and classes like this:

from anything.mylib import MyClass
from anything.mylib import myfun

instance = MyClass()
result = myfun()

Any variable function or class you place inside __init__.py can also be accessed:

import anything

print(anything.myvar)

Or like this:

from anything import myvar

print(myvar)

回答 4

您的lib目录是否包含__init__.py文件？

Python用于__init__.py确定目录是否为模块。

点击查看英文原文

Does your lib directory contain a __init__.py file?

Python uses __init__.py to determine if a directory is a module.

回答 5

尝试import .lib.BoxTime。有关更多信息，请参阅PEP 328中的相对导入。

点击查看英文原文

Try import .lib.BoxTime. For more information read about relative import in PEP 328.

回答 6

我这样做基本上涵盖了所有情况（确保您__init__.py在relative / path / to / your / lib / folder中）：

import sys, os
sys.path.append(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)) + "/relative/path/to/your/lib/folder")
import someFileNameWhichIsInTheFolder
...
somefile.foo()


示例：
您在项目文件夹中：

/root/myproject/app.py

您在另一个项目文件夹中： 

/root/anotherproject/utils.py
/root/anotherproject/__init__.py

您要使用/root/anotherproject/utils.py并调用其中的foo函数。

因此，您在app.py中编写：

import sys, os
sys.path.append(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)) + "/../anotherproject")
import utils

utils.foo()
点击查看英文原文

I do this which basically covers all cases (make sure you have __init__.py in relative/path/to/your/lib/folder):

import sys, os
sys.path.append(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)) + "/relative/path/to/your/lib/folder")
import someFileNameWhichIsInTheFolder
...
somefile.foo()


Example:
You have in your project folder: 

/root/myproject/app.py

You have in another project folder: 

/root/anotherproject/utils.py
/root/anotherproject/__init__.py

You want to use /root/anotherproject/utils.py and call foo function which is in it.

So you write in app.py:

import sys, os
sys.path.append(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)) + "/../anotherproject")
import utils

utils.foo()

回答 7

__init__.py在子目录/ lib中创建一个空文件 。并在主代码的开头添加

from __future__ import absolute_import

然后

import lib.BoxTime as BT
...
BT.bt_function()

或更好

from lib.BoxTime import bt_function
...
bt_function()
点击查看英文原文

Create an empty file __init__.py in subdirectory /lib. And add at the begin of main code

from __future__ import absolute_import

then

import lib.BoxTime as BT
...
BT.bt_function()

or better

from lib.BoxTime import bt_function
...
bt_function()

回答 8

只是这些答案的补充。

如果要从所有子目录导入所有文件，可以将其添加到文件的根目录。

import sys, os
sys.path.extend([f'./{name}' for name in os.listdir(".") if os.path.isdir(name)])

然后，您可以简单地从子目录中导入文件，就像这些文件位于当前目录中一样。

工作实例

如果我的项目中有以下目录及其子目录…

.
├── a.py
├── b.py
├── c.py
├── subdirectory_a
│   ├── d.py
│   └── e.py
├── subdirectory_b
│   └── f.py
├── subdirectory_c
│   └── g.py
└── subdirectory_d
    └── h.py

我可以将以下代码放入a.py文件中

import sys, os
sys.path.extend([f'./{name}' for name in os.listdir(".") if os.path.isdir(name)])

# And then you can import files just as if these files are inside the current directory

import b
import c
import d
import e
import f
import g
import h

换句话说，此代码将抽象出文件来自哪个目录。

点击查看英文原文

Just an addition to these answers.

If you want to import all files from all subdirectories, you can add this to the root of your file.

import sys, os
sys.path.extend([f'./{name}' for name in os.listdir(".") if os.path.isdir(name)])

And then you can simply import files from the subdirectories just as if these files are inside the current directory.

Working example

If I have the following directory with subdirectories in my project…

.
├── a.py
├── b.py
├── c.py
├── subdirectory_a
│   ├── d.py
│   └── e.py
├── subdirectory_b
│   └── f.py
├── subdirectory_c
│   └── g.py
└── subdirectory_d
    └── h.py

I can put the following code inside my a.py file

import sys, os
sys.path.extend([f'./{name}' for name in os.listdir(".") if os.path.isdir(name)])

# And then you can import files just as if these files are inside the current directory

import b
import c
import d
import e
import f
import g
import h

In other words, this code will abstract from which directory the file is coming from.

回答 9

/project/tester.py

/project/lib/BoxTime.py

下一__init__.py行创建空白文件，直到找到文件

/project/lib/somefolder/BoxTime.py

#lib-需求有两个项目__init__.py，一个名为somefolder的目录 #somefolder有两个项目boxtime.py，__init__.py

点击查看英文原文

/project/tester.py

/project/lib/BoxTime.py

create blank file __init__.py down the line till you reach the file

/project/lib/somefolder/BoxTime.py

#lib — needs has two items one __init__.py and a directory named somefolder #somefolder has two items boxtime.py and __init__.py

回答 10

尝试这个：

from lib import BoxTime

点击查看英文原文

try this:

from lib import BoxTime