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使用Pandas Data Frame运行OLS回归

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问题：使用Pandas Data Frame运行OLS回归
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回答 1
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回答 4

问题：使用Pandas Data Frame运行OLS回归

我有一个pandas数据框，我希望能够从B和C列中的值预测A列的值。这是一个玩具示例：

import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame({"A": [10,20,30,40,50], 
                   "B": [20, 30, 10, 40, 50], 
                   "C": [32, 234, 23, 23, 42523]})

理想情况下，我会有类似的东西，ols(A ~ B + C, data = df)但是当我查看算法库中的示例时，看起来好像scikit-learn是用行而不是列的列表将数据提供给模型。这将要求我将数据重新格式化为列表内的列表，这似乎首先使使用熊猫的目的遭到了破坏。在熊猫数据框中的数据上运行OLS回归（或更通用的任何机器学习算法）的最有效方法是什么？

点击查看英文原文

I have a pandas data frame and I would like to able to predict the values of column A from the values in columns B and C. Here is a toy example:

import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame({"A": [10,20,30,40,50], 
                   "B": [20, 30, 10, 40, 50], 
                   "C": [32, 234, 23, 23, 42523]})

Ideally, I would have something like ols(A ~ B + C, data = df) but when I look at the examples from algorithm libraries like scikit-learn it appears to feed the data to the model with a list of rows instead of columns. This would require me to reformat the data into lists inside lists, which seems to defeat the purpose of using pandas in the first place. What is the most pythonic way to run an OLS regression (or any machine learning algorithm more generally) on data in a pandas data frame?

回答 0

我认为您可以使用statsmodels包几乎完成您认为理想的事情，该包是0.20.0版pandas之前的“可选依赖项pandas”之一（在中有一些用途pandas.stats。）

>>> import pandas as pd
>>> import statsmodels.formula.api as sm
>>> df = pd.DataFrame({"A": [10,20,30,40,50], "B": [20, 30, 10, 40, 50], "C": [32, 234, 23, 23, 42523]})
>>> result = sm.ols(formula="A ~ B + C", data=df).fit()
>>> print(result.params)
Intercept    14.952480
B             0.401182
C             0.000352
dtype: float64
>>> print(result.summary())
                            OLS Regression Results                            
==============================================================================
Dep. Variable:                      A   R-squared:                       0.579
Model:                            OLS   Adj. R-squared:                  0.158
Method:                 Least Squares   F-statistic:                     1.375
Date:                Thu, 14 Nov 2013   Prob (F-statistic):              0.421
Time:                        20:04:30   Log-Likelihood:                -18.178
No. Observations:                   5   AIC:                             42.36
Df Residuals:                       2   BIC:                             41.19
Df Model:                           2                                         
==============================================================================
                 coef    std err          t      P>|t|      [95.0% Conf. Int.]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intercept     14.9525     17.764      0.842      0.489       -61.481    91.386
B              0.4012      0.650      0.617      0.600        -2.394     3.197
C              0.0004      0.001      0.650      0.583        -0.002     0.003
==============================================================================
Omnibus:                          nan   Durbin-Watson:                   1.061
Prob(Omnibus):                    nan   Jarque-Bera (JB):                0.498
Skew:                          -0.123   Prob(JB):                        0.780
Kurtosis:                       1.474   Cond. No.                     5.21e+04
==============================================================================

Warnings:
[1] The condition number is large, 5.21e+04. This might indicate that there are
strong multicollinearity or other numerical problems.
点击查看英文原文

I think you can almost do exactly what you thought would be ideal, using the statsmodels package which was one of pandas‘ optional dependencies before pandas‘ version 0.20.0 (it was used for a few things in pandas.stats.)

>>> import pandas as pd
>>> import statsmodels.formula.api as sm
>>> df = pd.DataFrame({"A": [10,20,30,40,50], "B": [20, 30, 10, 40, 50], "C": [32, 234, 23, 23, 42523]})
>>> result = sm.ols(formula="A ~ B + C", data=df).fit()
>>> print(result.params)
Intercept    14.952480
B             0.401182
C             0.000352
dtype: float64
>>> print(result.summary())
                            OLS Regression Results                            
==============================================================================
Dep. Variable:                      A   R-squared:                       0.579
Model:                            OLS   Adj. R-squared:                  0.158
Method:                 Least Squares   F-statistic:                     1.375
Date:                Thu, 14 Nov 2013   Prob (F-statistic):              0.421
Time:                        20:04:30   Log-Likelihood:                -18.178
No. Observations:                   5   AIC:                             42.36
Df Residuals:                       2   BIC:                             41.19
Df Model:                           2                                         
==============================================================================
                 coef    std err          t      P>|t|      [95.0% Conf. Int.]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intercept     14.9525     17.764      0.842      0.489       -61.481    91.386
B              0.4012      0.650      0.617      0.600        -2.394     3.197
C              0.0004      0.001      0.650      0.583        -0.002     0.003
==============================================================================
Omnibus:                          nan   Durbin-Watson:                   1.061
Prob(Omnibus):                    nan   Jarque-Bera (JB):                0.498
Skew:                          -0.123   Prob(JB):                        0.780
Kurtosis:                       1.474   Cond. No.                     5.21e+04
==============================================================================

Warnings:
[1] The condition number is large, 5.21e+04. This might indicate that there are
strong multicollinearity or other numerical problems.

回答 1

注意： pandas.stats 已被 0.20.0 删除

可以使用pandas.stats.ols：

>>> from pandas.stats.api import ols
>>> df = pd.DataFrame({"A": [10,20,30,40,50], "B": [20, 30, 10, 40, 50], "C": [32, 234, 23, 23, 42523]})
>>> res = ols(y=df['A'], x=df[['B','C']])
>>> res
-------------------------Summary of Regression Analysis-------------------------

Formula: Y ~ <B> + <C> + <intercept>

Number of Observations:         5
Number of Degrees of Freedom:   3

R-squared:         0.5789
Adj R-squared:     0.1577

Rmse:             14.5108

F-stat (2, 2):     1.3746, p-value:     0.4211

Degrees of Freedom: model 2, resid 2

-----------------------Summary of Estimated Coefficients------------------------
      Variable       Coef    Std Err     t-stat    p-value    CI 2.5%   CI 97.5%
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             B     0.4012     0.6497       0.62     0.5999    -0.8723     1.6746
             C     0.0004     0.0005       0.65     0.5826    -0.0007     0.0014
     intercept    14.9525    17.7643       0.84     0.4886   -19.8655    49.7705
---------------------------------End of Summary---------------------------------

请注意，您需要statsmodels安装软件包，该软件包在内部使用pandas.stats.ols。

点击查看英文原文

Note: pandas.stats has been removed with 0.20.0

It’s possible to do this with pandas.stats.ols:

>>> from pandas.stats.api import ols
>>> df = pd.DataFrame({"A": [10,20,30,40,50], "B": [20, 30, 10, 40, 50], "C": [32, 234, 23, 23, 42523]})
>>> res = ols(y=df['A'], x=df[['B','C']])
>>> res
-------------------------Summary of Regression Analysis-------------------------

Formula: Y ~ <B> + <C> + <intercept>

Number of Observations:         5
Number of Degrees of Freedom:   3

R-squared:         0.5789
Adj R-squared:     0.1577

Rmse:             14.5108

F-stat (2, 2):     1.3746, p-value:     0.4211

Degrees of Freedom: model 2, resid 2

-----------------------Summary of Estimated Coefficients------------------------
      Variable       Coef    Std Err     t-stat    p-value    CI 2.5%   CI 97.5%
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             B     0.4012     0.6497       0.62     0.5999    -0.8723     1.6746
             C     0.0004     0.0005       0.65     0.5826    -0.0007     0.0014
     intercept    14.9525    17.7643       0.84     0.4886   -19.8655    49.7705
---------------------------------End of Summary---------------------------------

Note that you need to have statsmodels package installed, it is used internally by the pandas.stats.ols function.

回答 2

我不知道这是否是新的sklearn还是pandas，但我能直接传递数据帧sklearn没有数据帧转换为numpy的阵列或任何其它数据类型。

from sklearn import linear_model

reg = linear_model.LinearRegression()
reg.fit(df[['B', 'C']], df['A'])

>>> reg.coef_
array([  4.01182386e-01,   3.51587361e-04])
点击查看英文原文

I don’t know if this is new in sklearn or pandas, but I’m able to pass the data frame directly to sklearn without converting the data frame to a numpy array or any other data types.

from sklearn import linear_model

reg = linear_model.LinearRegression()
reg.fit(df[['B', 'C']], df['A'])

>>> reg.coef_
array([  4.01182386e-01,   3.51587361e-04])

回答 3

这将要求我将数据重新格式化为列表内的列表，这似乎首先使使用熊猫的目的无法实现。

不，不是，只是转换为NumPy数组：

>>> data = np.asarray(df)

这会花费固定的时间，因为它只会创建数据视图。然后将其提供给scikit-learn：

>>> from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
>>> lr = LinearRegression()
>>> X, y = data[:, 1:], data[:, 0]
>>> lr.fit(X, y)
LinearRegression(copy_X=True, fit_intercept=True, normalize=False)
>>> lr.coef_
array([  4.01182386e-01,   3.51587361e-04])
>>> lr.intercept_
14.952479503953672
点击查看英文原文

This would require me to reformat the data into lists inside lists, which seems to defeat the purpose of using pandas in the first place.

No it doesn’t, just convert to a NumPy array:

>>> data = np.asarray(df)

This takes constant time because it just creates a view on your data. Then feed it to scikit-learn:

>>> from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
>>> lr = LinearRegression()
>>> X, y = data[:, 1:], data[:, 0]
>>> lr.fit(X, y)
LinearRegression(copy_X=True, fit_intercept=True, normalize=False)
>>> lr.coef_
array([  4.01182386e-01,   3.51587361e-04])
>>> lr.intercept_
14.952479503953672

回答 4

Statsmodels可使用直接引用熊猫数据框的列引用来构建OLS模型。

简短而甜美：

model = sm.OLS(df[y], df[x]).fit()

代码详细信息和回归摘要：

# imports
import pandas as pd
import statsmodels.api as sm
import numpy as np

# data
np.random.seed(123)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randint(0,100,size=(100, 3)), columns=list('ABC'))

# assign dependent and independent / explanatory variables
variables = list(df.columns)
y = 'A'
x = [var for var in variables if var not in y ]

# Ordinary least squares regression
model_Simple = sm.OLS(df[y], df[x]).fit()

# Add a constant term like so:
model = sm.OLS(df[y], sm.add_constant(df[x])).fit()

model.summary()

输出：

                            OLS Regression Results                            
==============================================================================
Dep. Variable:                      A   R-squared:                       0.019
Model:                            OLS   Adj. R-squared:                 -0.001
Method:                 Least Squares   F-statistic:                    0.9409
Date:                Thu, 14 Feb 2019   Prob (F-statistic):              0.394
Time:                        08:35:04   Log-Likelihood:                -484.49
No. Observations:                 100   AIC:                             975.0
Df Residuals:                      97   BIC:                             982.8
Df Model:                           2                                         
Covariance Type:            nonrobust                                         
==============================================================================
                 coef    std err          t      P>|t|      [0.025      0.975]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
const         43.4801      8.809      4.936      0.000      25.996      60.964
B              0.1241      0.105      1.188      0.238      -0.083       0.332
C             -0.0752      0.110     -0.681      0.497      -0.294       0.144
==============================================================================
Omnibus:                       50.990   Durbin-Watson:                   2.013
Prob(Omnibus):                  0.000   Jarque-Bera (JB):                6.905
Skew:                           0.032   Prob(JB):                       0.0317
Kurtosis:                       1.714   Cond. No.                         231.
==============================================================================

如何直接获得R平方，系数和p值：

# commands:
model.params
model.pvalues
model.rsquared

# demo:
In[1]: 
model.params
Out[1]:
const    43.480106
B         0.124130
C        -0.075156
dtype: float64

In[2]: 
model.pvalues
Out[2]: 
const    0.000003
B        0.237924
C        0.497400
dtype: float64

Out[3]:
model.rsquared
Out[2]:
0.0190
点击查看英文原文

Statsmodels kan build an OLS model with column references directly to a pandas dataframe.

Short and sweet:

model = sm.OLS(df[y], df[x]).fit()

Code details and regression summary:

# imports
import pandas as pd
import statsmodels.api as sm
import numpy as np

# data
np.random.seed(123)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randint(0,100,size=(100, 3)), columns=list('ABC'))

# assign dependent and independent / explanatory variables
variables = list(df.columns)
y = 'A'
x = [var for var in variables if var not in y ]

# Ordinary least squares regression
model_Simple = sm.OLS(df[y], df[x]).fit()

# Add a constant term like so:
model = sm.OLS(df[y], sm.add_constant(df[x])).fit()

model.summary()

Output:

                            OLS Regression Results                            
==============================================================================
Dep. Variable:                      A   R-squared:                       0.019
Model:                            OLS   Adj. R-squared:                 -0.001
Method:                 Least Squares   F-statistic:                    0.9409
Date:                Thu, 14 Feb 2019   Prob (F-statistic):              0.394
Time:                        08:35:04   Log-Likelihood:                -484.49
No. Observations:                 100   AIC:                             975.0
Df Residuals:                      97   BIC:                             982.8
Df Model:                           2                                         
Covariance Type:            nonrobust                                         
==============================================================================
                 coef    std err          t      P>|t|      [0.025      0.975]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
const         43.4801      8.809      4.936      0.000      25.996      60.964
B              0.1241      0.105      1.188      0.238      -0.083       0.332
C             -0.0752      0.110     -0.681      0.497      -0.294       0.144
==============================================================================
Omnibus:                       50.990   Durbin-Watson:                   2.013
Prob(Omnibus):                  0.000   Jarque-Bera (JB):                6.905
Skew:                           0.032   Prob(JB):                       0.0317
Kurtosis:                       1.714   Cond. No.                         231.
==============================================================================

How to directly get R-squared, Coefficients and p-value:

# commands:
model.params
model.pvalues
model.rsquared

# demo:
In[1]: 
model.params
Out[1]:
const    43.480106
B         0.124130
C        -0.075156
dtype: float64

In[2]: 
model.pvalues
Out[2]: 
const    0.000003
B        0.237924
C        0.497400
dtype: float64

Out[3]:
model.rsquared
Out[2]:
0.0190