如何在Python中将字典键作为列表返回？

In Python 2.7, I could get dictionary keys, values, or items as a list:

>>> newdict = {1:0, 2:0, 3:0}
>>> newdict.keys()
[1, 2, 3]

Now, in Python >= 3.3, I get something like this:

>>> newdict.keys()
dict_keys([1, 2, 3])

So, I have to do this to get a list:

newlist = list()
for i in newdict.keys():
    newlist.append(i)

I’m wondering, is there a better way to return a list in Python 3?

Try list(newdict.keys()).

This will convert the dict_keys object to a list.

On the other hand, you should ask yourself whether or not it matters. The Pythonic way to code is to assume duck typing (if it looks like a duck and it quacks like a duck, it’s a duck). The dict_keys object will act like a list for most purposes. For instance:

for key in newdict.keys():
  print(key)

Obviously, insertion operators may not work, but that doesn’t make much sense for a list of dictionary keys anyway.

Python >= 3.5 alternative: unpack into a list literal [*newdict]

New unpacking generalizations (PEP 448) were introduced with Python 3.5 allowing you to now easily do:

>>> newdict = {1:0, 2:0, 3:0}
>>> [*newdict]
[1, 2, 3]

Unpacking with * works with any object that is iterable and, since dictionaries return their keys when iterated through, you can easily create a list by using it within a list literal.

Adding .keys() i.e [*newdict.keys()] might help in making your intent a bit more explicit though it will cost you a function look-up and invocation. (which, in all honesty, isn’t something you should really be worried about).

_{The *iterable syntax is similar to doing list(iterable) and its behaviour was initially documented in the Calls section of the Python Reference manual. With PEP 448 the restriction on where *iterable could appear was loosened allowing it to also be placed in list, set and tuple literals, the reference manual on Expression lists was also updated to state this.}

Though equivalent to list(newdict) with the difference that it’s faster (at least for small dictionaries) because no function call is actually performed:

%timeit [*newdict]
1000000 loops, best of 3: 249 ns per loop

%timeit list(newdict)
1000000 loops, best of 3: 508 ns per loop

%timeit [k for k in newdict]
1000000 loops, best of 3: 574 ns per loop

with larger dictionaries the speed is pretty much the same (the overhead of iterating through a large collection trumps the small cost of a function call).

In a similar fashion, you can create tuples and sets of dictionary keys:

>>> *newdict,
(1, 2, 3)
>>> {*newdict}
{1, 2, 3}

beware of the trailing comma in the tuple case!

list(newdict) works in both Python 2 and Python 3, providing a simple list of the keys in newdict. keys() isn’t necessary. (:

A bit off on the “duck typing” definition — dict.keys() returns an iterable object, not a list-like object. It will work anywhere an iterable will work — not any place a list will. a list is also an iterable, but an iterable is NOT a list (or sequence…)

In real use-cases, the most common thing to do with the keys in a dict is to iterate through them, so this makes sense. And if you do need them as a list you can call list().

Very similarly for zip() — in the vast majority of cases, it is iterated through — why create an entire new list of tuples just to iterate through it and then throw it away again?

This is part of a large trend in python to use more iterators (and generators), rather than copies of lists all over the place.

dict.keys() should work with comprehensions, though — check carefully for typos or something… it works fine for me:

>>> d = dict(zip(['Sounder V Depth, F', 'Vessel Latitude, Degrees-Minutes'], [None, None]))
>>> [key.split(", ") for key in d.keys()]
[['Sounder V Depth', 'F'], ['Vessel Latitude', 'Degrees-Minutes']]

You can also use a list comprehension:

>>> newdict = {1:0, 2:0, 3:0}
>>> [k  for  k in  newdict.keys()]
[1, 2, 3]

Or, shorter,

>>> [k  for  k in  newdict]
[1, 2, 3]

Note: Order is not guaranteed on versions under 3.7 (ordering is still only an implementation detail with CPython 3.6).

Converting to a list without using the keys method makes it more readable:

list(newdict)

and, when looping through dictionaries, there’s no need for keys():

for key in newdict:
    print key

unless you are modifying it within the loop which would require a list of keys created beforehand:

for key in list(newdict):
    del newdict[key]

On Python 2 there is a marginal performance gain using keys().

If you need to store the keys separately, here’s a solution that requires less typing than every other solution presented thus far, using Extended Iterable Unpacking (python3.x+).

newdict = {1: 0, 2: 0, 3: 0}
*k, = newdict

k
# [1, 2, 3]

            ╒═══════════════╤═════════════════════════════════════════╕
            │ k = list(d)   │   9 characters (excluding whitespace)   │
            ├───────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────────┤
            │ k = [*d]      │   6 characters                          │
            ├───────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────────┤
            │ *k, = d       │   5 characters                          │
            ╘═══════════════╧═════════════════════════════════════════╛

I can think of 2 ways in which we can extract the keys from the dictionary.

Method 1: – To get the keys using .keys() method and then convert it to list.

some_dict = {1: 'one', 2: 'two', 3: 'three'}
list_of_keys = list(some_dict.keys())
print(list_of_keys)
-->[1,2,3]

Method 2: – To create an empty list and then append keys to the list via a loop. You can get the values with this loop as well (use .keys() for just keys and .items() for both keys and values extraction)

list_of_keys = []
list_of_values = []
for key,val in some_dict.items():
    list_of_keys.append(key)
    list_of_values.append(val)

print(list_of_keys)
-->[1,2,3]

print(list_of_values)
-->['one','two','three']