问题:如何读取包含默认参数值的函数签名?
给定一个功能对象,如何获得其签名?例如,用于:
def myMethod(firt, second, third='something'):
pass
我想得到"myMethod(firt, second, third='something')"
。
回答 0
import inspect
def foo(a, b, x='blah'):
pass
print(inspect.getargspec(foo))
# ArgSpec(args=['a', 'b', 'x'], varargs=None, keywords=None, defaults=('blah',))
但是,请注意,inspect.getargspec()
自Python 3.0开始不推荐使用。
Python 3.0–3.4建议inspect.getfullargspec()
。
Python 3.5+建议inspect.signature()
。
回答 1
可以说,找到函数签名的最简单方法是help(function)
:
>>> def function(arg1, arg2="foo", *args, **kwargs): pass
>>> help(function)
Help on function function in module __main__:
function(arg1, arg2='foo', *args, **kwargs)
另外,在Python 3中,将一个方法添加到inspect
名为的模块中signature
,该方法旨在表示可调用对象的签名及其返回注释:
>>> from inspect import signature
>>> def foo(a, *, b:int, **kwargs):
... pass
>>> sig = signature(foo)
>>> str(sig)
'(a, *, b:int, **kwargs)'
>>> str(sig.parameters['b'])
'b:int'
>>> sig.parameters['b'].annotation
<class 'int'>
回答 2
#! /usr/bin/env python
import inspect
from collections import namedtuple
DefaultArgSpec = namedtuple('DefaultArgSpec', 'has_default default_value')
def _get_default_arg(args, defaults, arg_index):
""" Method that determines if an argument has default value or not,
and if yes what is the default value for the argument
:param args: array of arguments, eg: ['first_arg', 'second_arg', 'third_arg']
:param defaults: array of default values, eg: (42, 'something')
:param arg_index: index of the argument in the argument array for which,
this function checks if a default value exists or not. And if default value
exists it would return the default value. Example argument: 1
:return: Tuple of whether there is a default or not, and if yes the default
value, eg: for index 2 i.e. for "second_arg" this function returns (True, 42)
"""
if not defaults:
return DefaultArgSpec(False, None)
args_with_no_defaults = len(args) - len(defaults)
if arg_index < args_with_no_defaults:
return DefaultArgSpec(False, None)
else:
value = defaults[arg_index - args_with_no_defaults]
if (type(value) is str):
value = '"%s"' % value
return DefaultArgSpec(True, value)
def get_method_sig(method):
""" Given a function, it returns a string that pretty much looks how the
function signature would be written in python.
:param method: a python method
:return: A string similar describing the pythong method signature.
eg: "my_method(first_argArg, second_arg=42, third_arg='something')"
"""
# The return value of ArgSpec is a bit weird, as the list of arguments and
# list of defaults are returned in separate array.
# eg: ArgSpec(args=['first_arg', 'second_arg', 'third_arg'],
# varargs=None, keywords=None, defaults=(42, 'something'))
argspec = inspect.getargspec(method)
arg_index=0
args = []
# Use the args and defaults array returned by argspec and find out
# which arguments has default
for arg in argspec.args:
default_arg = _get_default_arg(argspec.args, argspec.defaults, arg_index)
if default_arg.has_default:
args.append("%s=%s" % (arg, default_arg.default_value))
else:
args.append(arg)
arg_index += 1
return "%s(%s)" % (method.__name__, ", ".join(args))
if __name__ == '__main__':
def my_method(first_arg, second_arg=42, third_arg='something'):
pass
print get_method_sig(my_method)
# my_method(first_argArg, second_arg=42, third_arg="something")
回答 3
尝试调用help
一个对象以了解它。
>>> foo = [1, 2, 3]
>>> help(foo.append)
Help on built-in function append:
append(...)
L.append(object) -- append object to end
回答 4
可能要晚一些,但是如果您还想保留参数的顺序及其默认值,则可以使用抽象语法树模块(ast)。
这是一个概念证明(请注意,对参数进行排序并将其与默认值匹配的代码肯定可以得到改善/更加清晰):
import ast
for class_ in [c for c in module.body if isinstance(c, ast.ClassDef)]:
for method in [m for m in class_.body if isinstance(m, ast.FunctionDef)]:
args = []
if method.args.args:
[args.append([a.col_offset, a.id]) for a in method.args.args]
if method.args.defaults:
[args.append([a.col_offset, '=' + a.id]) for a in method.args.defaults]
sorted_args = sorted(args)
for i, p in enumerate(sorted_args):
if p[1].startswith('='):
sorted_args[i-1][1] += p[1]
sorted_args = [k[1] for k in sorted_args if not k[1].startswith('=')]
if method.args.vararg:
sorted_args.append('*' + method.args.vararg)
if method.args.kwarg:
sorted_args.append('**' + method.args.kwarg)
signature = '(' + ', '.join(sorted_args) + ')'
print method.name + signature
回答 5
如果您只想打印功能,请使用pydoc。
import pydoc
def foo(arg1, arg2, *args, **kwargs):
'''Some foo fn'''
pass
>>> print pydoc.render_doc(foo).splitlines()[2]
foo(arg1, arg2, *args, **kwargs)
如果您尝试实际分析功能签名,请使用检查模块的argspec。在将用户的挂钩脚本功能验证到通用框架中时,我必须这样做。
回答 6
示例代码:
import inspect
from collections import OrderedDict
def get_signature(fn):
params = inspect.signature(fn).parameters
args = []
kwargs = OrderedDict()
for p in params.values():
if p.default is p.empty:
args.append(p.name)
else:
kwargs[p.name] = p.default
return args, kwargs
def test_sig():
def fn(a, b, c, d=3, e="abc"):
pass
assert get_signature(fn) == (
["a", "b", "c"], OrderedDict([("d", 3), ("e", "abc")])
)
回答 7
在命令行(IPython)中使用%pdef,它将仅打印签名。
例如 %pdef np.loadtxt
np.loadtxt(fname, dtype=<class 'float'>, comments='#', delimiter=None, converters=None, skiprows=0, usecols=None, unpack=False, ndmin=0, encoding='bytes')
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