如何针对一个值测试多个变量？

I’m trying to make a function that will compare multiple variables to an integer and output a string of three letters. I was wondering if there was a way to translate this into Python. So say:

x = 0
y = 1
z = 3
mylist = []

if x or y or z == 0 :
    mylist.append("c")
if x or y or z == 1 :
    mylist.append("d")
if x or y or z == 2 :
    mylist.append("e")
if x or y or z == 3 : 
    mylist.append("f")

which would return a list of:

["c", "d", "f"]

Is something like this possible?

You misunderstand how boolean expressions work; they don’t work like an English sentence and guess that you are talking about the same comparison for all names here. You are looking for:

if x == 1 or y == 1 or z == 1:

x and y are otherwise evaluated on their own (False if 0, True otherwise).

You can shorten that using a containment test against a tuple:

if 1 in (x, y, z):

or better still:

if 1 in {x, y, z}:

using to take advantage of the constant-cost membership test (in takes a fixed amount of time whatever the left-hand operand is).

When you use or, python sees each side of the operator as separate expressions. The expression x or y == 1 is treated as first a boolean test for x, then if that is False, the expression y == 1 is tested.

This is due to operator precedence. The or operator has a lower precedence than the == test, so the latter is evaluated first.

However, even if this were not the case, and the expression x or y or z == 1 was actually interpreted as (x or y or z) == 1 instead, this would still not do what you expect it to do.

x or y or z would evaluate to the first argument that is ‘truthy’, e.g. not False, numeric 0 or empty (see boolean expressions for details on what Python considers false in a boolean context).

So for the values x = 2; y = 1; z = 0, x or y or z would resolve to 2, because that is the first true-like value in the arguments. Then 2 == 1 would be False, even though y == 1 would be True.

The same would apply to the inverse; testing multiple values against a single variable; x == 1 or 2 or 3 would fail for the same reasons. Use x == 1 or x == 2 or x == 3 or x in {1, 2, 3}.

Your problem is more easily addressed with a dictionary structure like:

x = 0
y = 1
z = 3
d = {0: 'c', 1:'d', 2:'e', 3:'f'}
mylist = [d[k] for k in [x, y, z]]

As stated by Martijn Pieters, the correct, and fastest, format is:

if 1 in {x, y, z}:

Using his advice you would now have separate if-statements so that Python will read each statement whether the former were True or False. Such as:

if 0 in {x, y, z}:
    mylist.append("c")
if 1 in {x, y, z}:
    mylist.append("d")
if 2 in {x, y, z}:
    mylist.append("e")
...

This will work, but if you are comfortable using dictionaries (see what I did there), you can clean this up by making an initial dictionary mapping the numbers to the letters you want, then just using a for-loop:

num_to_letters = {0: "c", 1: "d", 2: "e", 3: "f"}
for number in num_to_letters:
    if number in {x, y, z}:
        mylist.append(num_to_letters[number])

The direct way to write x or y or z == 0 is

if any(map((lambda value: value == 0), (x,y,z))):
    pass # write your logic.

But I dont think, you like it. :) And this way is ugly.

The other way (a better) is:

0 in (x, y, z)

BTW lots of ifs could be written as something like this

my_cases = {
    0: Mylist.append("c"),
    1: Mylist.append("d")
    # ..
}

for key in my_cases:
    if key in (x,y,z):
        my_cases[key]()
        break

If you ARE very very lazy, you can put the values inside an array. Such as

list = []
list.append(x)
list.append(y)
list.append(z)
nums = [add numbers here]
letters = [add corresponding letters here]
for index in range(len(nums)):
    for obj in list:
        if obj == num[index]:
            MyList.append(letters[index])
            break

You can also put the numbers and letters in a dictionary and do it, but this is probably a LOT more complicated than simply if statements. That’s what you get for trying to be extra lazy :)

One more thing, your

if x or y or z == 0:

will compile, but not in the way you want it to. When you simply put a variable in an if statement (example)

if b

the program will check if the variable is not null. Another way to write the above statement (which makes more sense) is

if bool(b)

Bool is an inbuilt function in python which basically does the command of verifying a boolean statement (If you don’t know what that is, it is what you are trying to make in your if statement right now :))

Another lazy way I found is :

if any([x==0, y==0, z==0])

To check if a value is contained within a set of variables you can use the inbuilt modules itertools and operator.

For example:

Imports:

from itertools import repeat
from operator import contains

Declare variables:

x = 0
y = 1
z = 3

Create mapping of values (in the order you want to check):

check_values = (0, 1, 3)

Use itertools to allow repetition of the variables:

check_vars = repeat((x, y, z))

Finally, use the map function to create an iterator:

checker = map(contains, check_vars, check_values)

Then, when checking for the values (in the original order), use next():

if next(checker)  # Checks for 0
    # Do something
    pass
elif next(checker)  # Checks for 1
    # Do something
    pass

etc…

This has an advantage over the lambda x: x in (variables) because operator is an inbuilt module and is faster and more efficient than using lambda which has to create a custom in-place function.

Another option for checking if there is a non-zero (or False) value in a list:

not (x and y and z)

Equivalent:

not all((x, y, z))

Set is the good approach here, because it orders the variables, what seems to be your goal here. {z,y,x} is {0,1,3} whatever the order of the parameters.

>>> ["cdef"[i] for i in {z,x,y}]
['c', 'd', 'f']

This way, the whole solution is O(n).

All of the excellent answers provided here concentrate on the specific requirement of the original poster and concentrate on the if 1 in {x,y,z} solution put forward by Martijn Pieters.
What they ignore is the broader implication of the question:
How do I test one variable against multiple values?
The solution provided will not work for partial hits if using strings for example:
Test if the string “Wild” is in multiple values

>>> x = "Wild things"
>>> y = "throttle it back"
>>> z = "in the beginning"
>>> if "Wild" in {x, y, z}: print (True)
... 

or

>>> x = "Wild things"
>>> y = "throttle it back"
>>> z = "in the beginning"
>>> if "Wild" in [x, y, z]: print (True)
... 

for this scenario it’s easiest to convert to a string

>>> [x, y, z]
['Wild things', 'throttle it back', 'in the beginning']
>>> {x, y, z}
{'in the beginning', 'throttle it back', 'Wild things'}
>>> 

>>> if "Wild" in str([x, y, z]): print (True)
... 
True
>>> if "Wild" in str({x, y, z}): print (True)
... 
True

It should be noted however, as mentioned by @codeforester, that word boundries are lost with this method, as in:

>>> x=['Wild things', 'throttle it back', 'in the beginning']
>>> if "rot" in str(x): print(True)
... 
True

the 3 letters rot do exist in combination in the list but not as an individual word. Testing for ” rot ” would fail but if one of the list items were “rot in hell”, that would fail as well.
The upshot being, be careful with your search criteria if using this method and be aware that it does have this limitation.

I think this will handle it better:

my_dict = {0: "c", 1: "d", 2: "e", 3: "f"}

def validate(x, y, z):
    for ele in [x, y, z]:
        if ele in my_dict.keys():
            return my_dict[ele]

Output:

print validate(0, 8, 9)
c
print validate(9, 8, 9)
None
print validate(9, 8, 2)
e

If you want to use if, else statements following is another solution:

myList = []
aList = [0, 1, 3]

for l in aList:
    if l==0: myList.append('c')
    elif l==1: myList.append('d')
    elif l==2: myList.append('e')
    elif l==3: myList.append('f')

print(myList)

d = {0:'c', 1:'d', 2:'e', 3: 'f'}
x, y, z = (0, 1, 3)
print [v for (k,v) in d.items() if x==k or y==k or z==k]

This code may be helpful

L ={x, y, z}
T= ((0,"c"),(1,"d"),(2,"e"),(3,"f"),)
List2=[]
for t in T :
if t[0] in L :
    List2.append(t[1])
    break;

You can try the method shown below. In this method, you will have the freedom to specify/input the number of variables that you wish to enter.

mydict = {0:"c", 1:"d", 2:"e", 3:"f"}
mylist= []

num_var = int(raw_input("How many variables? ")) #Enter 3 when asked for input.

for i in range(num_var): 
    ''' Enter 0 as first input, 1 as second input and 3 as third input.'''
    globals()['var'+str('i').zfill(3)] = int(raw_input("Enter an integer between 0 and 3 "))
    mylist += mydict[globals()['var'+str('i').zfill(3)]]

print mylist
>>> ['c', 'd', 'f']

One line solution:

mylist = [{0: 'c', 1: 'd', 2: 'e', 3: 'f'}[i] for i in [0, 1, 2, 3] if i in (x, y, z)]

Or:

mylist = ['cdef'[i] for i in range(4) if i in (x, y, z)]

Maybe you need direct formula for output bits set.

x=0 or y=0 or z=0   is equivalent to x*y*z = 0

x=1 or y=1 or z=1   is equivalent to (x-1)*(y-1)*(z-1)=0

x=2 or y=2 or z=2   is equivalent to (x-2)*(y-2)*(z-2)=0

Let’s map to bits: 'c':1 'd':0xb10 'e':0xb100 'f':0xb1000

Relation of isc (is ‘c’):

if xyz=0 then isc=1 else isc=0

Use math if formula https://youtu.be/KAdKCgBGK0k?list=PLnI9xbPdZUAmUL8htSl6vToPQRRN3hhFp&t=315

[c]: (xyz=0 and isc=1) or (((xyz=0 and isc=1) or (isc=0)) and (isc=0))

[d]: ((x-1)(y-1)(z-1)=0 and isc=2) or (((xyz=0 and isd=2) or (isc=0)) and (isc=0))

…

Connect these formulas by following logic:

• logic and is the sum of squares of equations
• logic or is the product of equations

and you’ll have a total equation express sum and you have total formula of sum

then sum&1 is c, sum&2 is d, sum&4 is e, sum&5 is f

After this you may form predefined array where index of string elements would correspond to ready string.

array[sum] gives you the string.

It can be done easily as

for value in [var1,var2,var3]:
     li.append("targetValue")

The most mnemonic way of representing your pseudo-code in Python would be:

x = 0
y = 1
z = 3
mylist = []

if any(v == 0 for v in (x, y, z)):
    mylist.append("c")
if any(v == 1 for v in (x, y, z)):
    mylist.append("d")
if any(v == 2 for v in (x, y, z)):
    mylist.append("e")
if any(v == 3 for v in (x, y, z)):
    mylist.append("f")

To test multiple variables with one single value: if 1 in {a,b,c}:

To test multiple values with one variable: if a in {1, 2, 3}:

Looks like you’re building some kind of Caesar cipher.

A much more generalized approach is this:

input_values = (0, 1, 3)
origo = ord('c')
[chr(val + origo) for val in inputs]

outputs

['c', 'd', 'f']

Not sure if it’s a desired side effect of your code, but the order of your output will always be sorted.

If this is what you want, the final line can be changed to:

sorted([chr(val + origo) for val in inputs])

You can use dictionary :

x = 0
y = 1
z = 3
list=[]
dict = {0: 'c', 1: 'd', 2: 'e', 3: 'f'}
if x in dict:
    list.append(dict[x])
else:
    pass

if y in dict:
    list.append(dict[y])
else:
    pass
if z in dict:
    list.append(dict[z])
else:
    pass

print list

Without dict, try this solution:

x, y, z = 0, 1, 3    
offset = ord('c')
[chr(i + offset) for i in (x,y,z)]

and gives:

['c', 'd', 'f']

This will help you.

def test_fun(val):
    x = 0
    y = 1
    z = 2
    myList = []
    if val in (x, y, z) and val == 0:
        myList.append("C")
    if val in (x, y, z) and val == 1:
        myList.append("D")
    if val in (x, y, z) and val == 2:
        myList.append("E")

test_fun(2);

You can unite this

x = 0
y = 1
z = 3

in one variable.

In [1]: xyz = (0,1,3,) 
In [2]: mylist = []

Change our conditions as:

In [3]: if 0 in xyz: 
    ...:     mylist.append("c") 
    ...: if 1 in xyz: 
    ...:     mylist.append("d") 
    ...: if 2 in xyz: 
    ...:     mylist.append("e") 
    ...: if 3 in xyz:  
    ...:     mylist.append("f") 

Output:

In [21]: mylist                                                                                
Out[21]: ['c', 'd', 'f']

Problem

While the pattern for testing multiple values

>>> 2 in {1, 2, 3}
True
>>> 5 in {1, 2, 3}
False

is very readable and is working in many situation, there is one pitfall:

>>> 0 in {True, False}
True

But we want to have

>>> (0 is True) or (0 is False)
False

Solution

One generalization of the previous expression is based on the answer from ytpillai:

>>> any([0 is True, 0 is False])
False

which can be written as

>>> any(0 is item for item in (True, False))
False

While this expression returns the right result it is not as readable as the first expression :-(