检查字符串是否可以在Python中转换为float

I’ve got some Python code that runs through a list of strings and converts them to integers or floating point numbers if possible. Doing this for integers is pretty easy

if element.isdigit():
  newelement = int(element)

Floating point numbers are more difficult. Right now I’m using partition('.') to split the string and checking to make sure that one or both sides are digits.

partition = element.partition('.')
if (partition[0].isdigit() and partition[1] == '.' and partition[2].isdigit()) 
    or (partition[0] == '' and partition[1] == '.' and partition[2].isdigit()) 
    or (partition[0].isdigit() and partition[1] == '.' and partition[2] == ''):
  newelement = float(element)

This works, but obviously the if statement for that is a bit of a bear. The other solution I considered is to just wrap the conversion in a try/catch block and see if it succeeds, as described in this question.

Anyone have any other ideas? Opinions on the relative merits of the partition and try/catch approaches?

I would just use..

try:
    float(element)
except ValueError:
    print "Not a float"

..it’s simple, and it works

Another option would be a regular expression:

import re
if re.match(r'^-?\d+(?:\.\d+)?$', element) is None:
    print "Not float"

Python method to check for float:

def isfloat(value):
  try:
    float(value)
    return True
  except ValueError:
    return False

Don’t get bit by the goblins hiding in the float boat! DO UNIT TESTING!

What is, and is not a float may surprise you:

Command to parse                        Is it a float?  Comment
--------------------------------------  --------------- ------------
print(isfloat(""))                      False
print(isfloat("1234567"))               True 
print(isfloat("NaN"))                   True            nan is also float
print(isfloat("NaNananana BATMAN"))     False
print(isfloat("123.456"))               True
print(isfloat("123.E4"))                True
print(isfloat(".1"))                    True
print(isfloat("1,234"))                 False
print(isfloat("NULL"))                  False           case insensitive
print(isfloat(",1"))                    False           
print(isfloat("123.EE4"))               False           
print(isfloat("6.523537535629999e-07")) True
print(isfloat("6e777777"))              True            This is same as Inf
print(isfloat("-iNF"))                  True
print(isfloat("1.797693e+308"))         True
print(isfloat("infinity"))              True
print(isfloat("infinity and BEYOND"))   False
print(isfloat("12.34.56"))              False           Two dots not allowed.
print(isfloat("#56"))                   False
print(isfloat("56%"))                   False
print(isfloat("0E0"))                   True
print(isfloat("x86E0"))                 False
print(isfloat("86-5"))                  False
print(isfloat("True"))                  False           Boolean is not a float.   
print(isfloat(True))                    True            Boolean is a float
print(isfloat("+1e1^5"))                False
print(isfloat("+1e1"))                  True
print(isfloat("+1e1.3"))                False
print(isfloat("+1.3P1"))                False
print(isfloat("-+1"))                   False
print(isfloat("(1)"))                   False           brackets not interpreted

'1.43'.replace('.','',1).isdigit()

which will return true only if there is one or no ‘.’ in the string of digits.

'1.4.3'.replace('.','',1).isdigit()

will return false

'1.ww'.replace('.','',1).isdigit()

will return false

TL;DR:

• If your input is mostly strings that can be converted to floats, the try: except: method is the best native Python method.
• If your input is mostly strings that cannot be converted to floats, regular expressions or the partition method will be better.
• If you are 1) unsure of your input or need more speed and 2) don’t mind and can install a third-party C-extension, fastnumbers works very well.

There is another method available via a third-party module called fastnumbers (disclosure, I am the author); it provides a function called isfloat. I have taken the unittest example outlined by Jacob Gabrielson in this answer, but added the fastnumbers.isfloat method. I should also note that Jacob’s example did not do justice to the regex option because most of the time in that example was spent in global lookups because of the dot operator… I have modified that function to give a fairer comparison to try: except:.

def is_float_try(str):
    try:
        float(str)
        return True
    except ValueError:
        return False

import re
_float_regexp = re.compile(r"^[-+]?(?:\b[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]*)?|\.[0-9]+\b)(?:[eE][-+]?[0-9]+\b)?$").match
def is_float_re(str):
    return True if _float_regexp(str) else False

def is_float_partition(element):
    partition=element.partition('.')
    if (partition[0].isdigit() and partition[1]=='.' and partition[2].isdigit()) or (partition[0]=='' and partition[1]=='.' and partition[2].isdigit()) or (partition[0].isdigit() and partition[1]=='.' and partition[2]==''):
        return True
    else:
        return False

from fastnumbers import isfloat


if __name__ == '__main__':
    import unittest
    import timeit

    class ConvertTests(unittest.TestCase):

        def test_re_perf(self):
            print
            print 're sad:', timeit.Timer('ttest.is_float_re("12.2x")', "import ttest").timeit()
            print 're happy:', timeit.Timer('ttest.is_float_re("12.2")', "import ttest").timeit()

        def test_try_perf(self):
            print
            print 'try sad:', timeit.Timer('ttest.is_float_try("12.2x")', "import ttest").timeit()
            print 'try happy:', timeit.Timer('ttest.is_float_try("12.2")', "import ttest").timeit()

        def test_fn_perf(self):
            print
            print 'fn sad:', timeit.Timer('ttest.isfloat("12.2x")', "import ttest").timeit()
            print 'fn happy:', timeit.Timer('ttest.isfloat("12.2")', "import ttest").timeit()


        def test_part_perf(self):
            print
            print 'part sad:', timeit.Timer('ttest.is_float_partition("12.2x")', "import ttest").timeit()
            print 'part happy:', timeit.Timer('ttest.is_float_partition("12.2")', "import ttest").timeit()

    unittest.main()

On my machine, the output is:

fn sad: 0.220988988876
fn happy: 0.212214946747
.
part sad: 1.2219619751
part happy: 0.754667043686
.
re sad: 1.50515985489
re happy: 1.01107215881
.
try sad: 2.40243887901
try happy: 0.425730228424
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 4 tests in 7.761s

OK

As you can see, regex is actually not as bad as it originally seemed, and if you have a real need for speed, the fastnumbers method is quite good.

If you cared about performance (and I’m not suggesting you should), the try-based approach is the clear winner (compared with your partition-based approach or the regexp approach), as long as you don’t expect a lot of invalid strings, in which case it’s potentially slower (presumably due to the cost of exception handling).

Again, I’m not suggesting you care about performance, just giving you the data in case you’re doing this 10 billion times a second, or something. Also, the partition-based code doesn’t handle at least one valid string.

$ ./floatstr.py
F..
partition sad: 3.1102449894
partition happy: 2.09208488464
..
re sad: 7.76906108856
re happy: 7.09421992302
..
try sad: 12.1525540352
try happy: 1.44165301323
.
======================================================================
FAIL: test_partition (__main__.ConvertTests)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "./floatstr.py", line 48, in test_partition
    self.failUnless(is_float_partition("20e2"))
AssertionError

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 8 tests in 33.670s

FAILED (failures=1)

Here’s the code (Python 2.6, regexp taken from John Gietzen’s answer):

def is_float_try(str):
    try:
        float(str)
        return True
    except ValueError:
        return False

import re
_float_regexp = re.compile(r"^[-+]?(?:\b[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]*)?|\.[0-9]+\b)(?:[eE][-+]?[0-9]+\b)?$")
def is_float_re(str):
    return re.match(_float_regexp, str)


def is_float_partition(element):
    partition=element.partition('.')
    if (partition[0].isdigit() and partition[1]=='.' and partition[2].isdigit()) or (partition[0]=='' and partition[1]=='.' and pa\
rtition[2].isdigit()) or (partition[0].isdigit() and partition[1]=='.' and partition[2]==''):
        return True

if __name__ == '__main__':
    import unittest
    import timeit

    class ConvertTests(unittest.TestCase):
        def test_re(self):
            self.failUnless(is_float_re("20e2"))

        def test_try(self):
            self.failUnless(is_float_try("20e2"))

        def test_re_perf(self):
            print
            print 're sad:', timeit.Timer('floatstr.is_float_re("12.2x")', "import floatstr").timeit()
            print 're happy:', timeit.Timer('floatstr.is_float_re("12.2")', "import floatstr").timeit()

        def test_try_perf(self):
            print
            print 'try sad:', timeit.Timer('floatstr.is_float_try("12.2x")', "import floatstr").timeit()
            print 'try happy:', timeit.Timer('floatstr.is_float_try("12.2")', "import floatstr").timeit()

        def test_partition_perf(self):
            print
            print 'partition sad:', timeit.Timer('floatstr.is_float_partition("12.2x")', "import floatstr").timeit()
            print 'partition happy:', timeit.Timer('floatstr.is_float_partition("12.2")', "import floatstr").timeit()

        def test_partition(self):
            self.failUnless(is_float_partition("20e2"))

        def test_partition2(self):
            self.failUnless(is_float_partition(".2"))

        def test_partition3(self):
            self.failIf(is_float_partition("1234x.2"))

    unittest.main()

Just for variety here is another method to do it.

>>> all([i.isnumeric() for i in '1.2'.split('.',1)])
True
>>> all([i.isnumeric() for i in '2'.split('.',1)])
True
>>> all([i.isnumeric() for i in '2.f'.split('.',1)])
False

Edit: Im sure it will not hold up to all cases of float though especially when there is an exponent. To solve that it looks like this. This will return True only val is a float and False for int but is probably less performant than regex.

>>> def isfloat(val):
...     return all([ [any([i.isnumeric(), i in ['.','e']]) for i in val],  len(val.split('.')) == 2] )
...
>>> isfloat('1')
False
>>> isfloat('1.2')
True
>>> isfloat('1.2e3')
True
>>> isfloat('12e3')
False

This regex will check for scientific floating point numbers:

^[-+]?(?:\b[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]*)?|\.[0-9]+\b)(?:[eE][-+]?[0-9]+\b)?$

However, I believe that your best bet is to use the parser in a try.

If you don’t need to worry about scientific or other expressions of numbers and are only working with strings that could be numbers with or without a period:

Function

def is_float(s):
    result = False
    if s.count(".") == 1:
        if s.replace(".", "").isdigit():
            result = True
    return result

Lambda version

is_float = lambda x: x.replace('.','',1).isdigit() and "." in x

Example

if is_float(some_string):
    some_string = float(some_string)
elif some_string.isdigit():
    some_string = int(some_string)
else:
    print "Does not convert to int or float."

This way you aren’t accidentally converting what should be an int, into a float.

Simplified version of the function is_digit(str), which suffices in most cases (doesn’t consider exponential notation and “NaN” value):

def is_digit(str):
    return str.lstrip('-').replace('.', '').isdigit()

I used the function already mentioned, but soon I notice that strings as “Nan”, “Inf” and it’s variation are considered as number. So I propose you improved version of the function, that will return false on those type of input and will not fail “1e3” variants:

def is_float(text):
    # check for nan/infinity etc.
    if text.isalpha():
        return False
    try:
        float(text)
        return True
    except ValueError:
        return False

Try to convert to float. If there is an error, print the ValueError exception.

try:
    x = float('1.23')
    print('val=',x)
    y = float('abc')
    print('val=',y)
except ValueError as err:
    print('floatErr;',err)

Output:

val= 1.23
floatErr: could not convert string to float: 'abc'

Passing dictionary as argument it will convert strings which can be converted to float and will leave others

def covertDict_float(data):
        for i in data:
            if data[i].split(".")[0].isdigit():
                try:
                    data[i] = float(data[i])
                except:
                    continue
        return data

I was looking for some similar code, but it looks like using try/excepts is the best way. Here is the code I’m using. It includes a retry function if the input is invalid. I needed to check if the input was greater than 0 and if so convert it to a float.

def cleanInput(question,retry=False): 
    inputValue = input("\n\nOnly positive numbers can be entered, please re-enter the value.\n\n{}".format(question)) if retry else input(question)
    try:
        if float(inputValue) <= 0 : raise ValueError()
        else : return(float(inputValue))
    except ValueError : return(cleanInput(question,retry=True))


willbefloat = cleanInput("Give me the number: ")

def try_parse_float(item):
  result = None
  try:
    float(item)
  except:
    pass
  else:
    result = float(item)
  return result

I tried some of the above simple options, using a try test around converting to a float, and found that there is a problem in most of the replies.

Simple test (along the lines of above answers):

entry = ttk.Entry(self, validate='key')
entry['validatecommand'] = (entry.register(_test_num), '%P')

def _test_num(P):
    try: 
        float(P)
        return True
    except ValueError:
        return False

The problem comes when:

• You enter ‘-‘ to start a negative number:

You are then trying float('-') which fails

• You enter a number, but then try to delete all the digits

You are then trying float('') which likewise also fails

The quick solution I had is:

def _test_num(P):
    if P == '' or P == '-': return True
    try: 
        float(P)
        return True
    except ValueError:
        return False

str(strval).isdigit()

seems to be simple.

Handles values stored in as a string or int or float