I am trying to build a shared library using a C extension file but first I have to generate the output file using the command below:

gcc -Wall utilsmodule.c -o Utilc

After executing the command, I get this error message:

utilsmodule.c:1:20: fatal error: Python.h: No such file or directory compilation terminated.

I have tried all the suggested solutions over the internet but the problem still exists. I have no problem with Python.h. I managed to locate the file on my machine.

Looks like you haven’t properly installed the header files and static libraries for python dev. Use your package manager to install them system-wide.

For apt (Ubuntu, Debian…):

sudo apt-get install python-dev   # for python2.x installs
sudo apt-get install python3-dev  # for python3.x installs

For yum (CentOS, RHEL…):

sudo yum install python-devel   # for python2.x installs
sudo yum install python3-devel   # for python3.x installs

For dnf (Fedora…):

sudo dnf install python2-devel  # for python2.x installs
sudo dnf install python3-devel  # for python3.x installs

For zypper (openSUSE…):

sudo zypper in python-devel   # for python2.x installs
sudo zypper in python3-devel  # for python3.x installs

For apk (Alpine…):

# This is a departure from the normal Alpine naming
# scheme, which uses py2- and py3- prefixes
sudo apk add python2-dev  # for python2.x installs
sudo apk add python3-dev  # for python3.x installs

For apt-cyg (Cygwin…):

apt-cyg install python-devel   # for python2.x installs
apt-cyg install python3-devel  # for python3.x installs

On Ubuntu, I was running Python 3 and I had to install

sudo apt-get install python3-dev

If you want to use a version of Python that is not linked to python3, install the associated python3.x-dev package. For example:

sudo apt-get install python3.5-dev

For Python 3.7 and Ubuntu in particular, I needed

sudo apt install libpython3.7-dev

. I think at some point names were changed from pythonm.n-dev to this.

Two things you have to do.

Install development package for Python, in case of Debian/Ubuntu/Mint it’s done with command:

sudo apt-get install python-dev

Second thing is that include files are not by default in the include path, nor is Python library linked with executable by default. You need to add these flags (replace Python’s version accordingly):

-I/usr/include/python2.7 -lpython2.7 

In other words your compile command ought to be:

gcc -Wall -I/usr/include/python2.7 -lpython2.7  utilsmodule.c -o Utilc 

If you are using a Raspberry Pi:

sudo apt-get install python-dev

on Fedora run this for Python 2:

sudo dnf install python2-devel

and for Python 3:

sudo dnf install python3-devel

If you are using tox to run tests on multiple versions of Python, you may need to install the Python dev libraries for each version of Python you are testing on.

sudo apt-get install python2.6-dev 
sudo apt-get install python2.7-dev 
etc.

Solution for Cygwin

You need to install the package python2-devel or python3-devel, depending on the Python version you’re using.

You can quickly install it using the 32-bit or 64-bit setup.exe (depending on your installation) from Cygwin.com.

Example (modify setup.exe‘s filename and Python’s major version if you need):

$ setup.exe -q --packages=python3-devel

You can also check my other answer for a few more options to install Cygwin’s packages from the command-line.

In AWS API (centOS) its

yum install python27-devel

For me, changing it to this worked:

#include <python2.7/Python.h>

I found the file /usr/include/python2.7/Python.h, and since /usr/include is already in the include path, then python2.7/Python.h should be sufficient.

You could also add the include path from command line instead – gcc -I/usr/lib/python2.7 (thanks @erm3nda).

Make sure that the Python dev files come with your OS.

You should not hard code the library and include paths. Instead, use pkg-config, which will output the correct options for your specific system:

$ pkg-config --cflags --libs python2 -I/usr/include/python2.7 -lpython2.7

You may add it to your gcc line:

gcc -Wall utilsmodule.c -o Utilc $(pkg-config --cflags --libs python2) 

AWS EC2 install running python34:

sudo yum install python34-devel

In my case, what fixed it in Ubuntu was to install the packages libpython-all-dev (or libpython3-all-dev if you use Python 3).

If you use a virtualenv with a 3.6 python (edge right now), be sure to install the matching python 3.6 dev sudo apt-get install python3.6-dev, otherwise executing sudo python3-dev will install the python dev 3.3.3-1, which won’t solve the issue.

It’s not the same situation, but it also works for me and now I can use SWIG with Python3.5:

I was trying to compile:

gcc -fPIC -c existe.c existe_wrap.c -I /usr/include/python3.5m/

With Python 2.7 works fine, not with my version 3.5:

existe_wrap.c:147:21: fatal error: Python.h: No existe el archivo o el directorio compilation terminated.

After run in my Ubuntu 16.04 installation:

sudo apt-get install python3-dev  # for python3.x installs

Now I can compile without problems Python3.5:

gcc -fPIC -c existe.c existe_wrap.c -I /usr/include/python3.5m/

I also encountered this error when I was installing coolprop in ubuntu.

For ubuntu 16.04 with python 3.6

sudo apt-get install python3.6-dev

If ever this doesn’t work try installing/updating gcc lib.

sudo apt-get install gcc

try apt-file. It is difficult to remember the package name where the missing file resides. It is generic and useful for any package files.

For example:

root@ubuntu234:~/auto# apt-file search --regexp '/Python.h$'
pypy-dev: /usr/lib/pypy/include/Python.h
python2.7-dbg: /usr/include/python2.7_d/Python.h
python2.7-dev: /usr/include/python2.7/Python.h
python3.2-dbg: /usr/include/python3.2dmu/Python.h
python3.2-dev: /usr/include/python3.2mu/Python.h
root@ubuntu234:~/auto# 

Now you can make an expert guess as to which one to choose from.

I managed to solve this issue and generate the .so file in one command

gcc -shared -o UtilcS.so
-fPIC -I/usr/include/python2.7 -lpython2.7  utilsmodule.c

For the OpenSuse comrades out there:

sudo zypper install python3-devel

For CentOS 7:

sudo yum install python36u-devel

I followed the instructions here for installing python3.6 on several VMs: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-python-3-and-set-up-a-local-programming-environment-on-centos-7 and was then able to build mod_wsgi and get it working with a python3.6 virtualenv

If you’re using Python 3.6 on Amazon Linux (based on RHEL, but the RHEL answers given here didn’t work):

sudo yum install python36-devel

This error occurred when I attempted to install ctds on CentOS 7 with Python3.6. I did all the tricks mentioned here including yum install python34-devel. The problem was Python.h was found in /usr/include/python3.4m but not in /usr/include/python3.6m. I tried to use --global-option to point to include dir (pip3.6 install --global-option=build_ext --global-option="--include-dirs=/usr/include/python3.4m" ctds). This resulted in a lpython3.6m not found when linking ctds.

Finally what worked was fixing the development environment for Python3.6 needs to correct with the include and libs.

yum -y install https://dl.iuscommunity.org/pub/ius/stable/CentOS/7/x86_64/python36u-libs-3.6.3-1.ius.centos7.x86_64.rpm

Python.h needs to be in your include path for gcc. Whichever version of python is used, for example if it’s 3.6, then it should be in /usr/include/python3.6m/Python.h typically.

Sure python-dev or libpython-all-dev are the first thing to (apt )install, but if that doesn’t help as was my case, I advice you to install the foreign Function Interface packages by sudo apt-get install libffi-dev and sudo pip install cffi.

This should help out especially if you see the error as/from c/_cffi_backend.c:2:20: fatal error: Python.h: No such file or directory.

It often appear when you trying to remove python3.5 and install python3.6.

So when using python3 (which python3 -V => python3.6) to install some packages required python3.5 header will appear this error.

Resolve by install python3.6-dev module.

1. You must install the Python development files on your operating system if the Python provided with your operating system does not come with them. The many answers on this question show the myriad ways this can be achieved on different systems.

2. When you have done so, the problem is telling the compiler where they’re located and how to compile against them. Python comes with a program called python-config. For compilation, you need the --includes output and for linking a program against the Python library (embedding Python into your program) the --ldflags output. Example:

   gcc -c mypythonprogram.c $(python3-config --includes)
   gcc -o program mypythonprogram.o $(python3-config --ldflags)
   

The python-config program can be named after the Python versions – on Debian, Ubuntu for example these can be named python3-config or python3.6-config.

Sometimes even after installing python-dev the error persists, Check for the error if it is ‘gcc’ missing.

First download as stated in https://stackoverflow.com/a/21530768/8687063, then install gcc

For apt (Ubuntu, Debian…):

sudo apt-get install gcc

For yum (CentOS, RHEL…):

sudo yum install gcc

For dnf (Fedora…):

sudo dnf install gcc

For zypper (openSUSE…):

sudo zypper in gcc

For apk (Alpine…):

sudo apk gcc

This means that Python.h isn’t in your compiler’s default include paths. Have you installed it system-wide or locally? What’s your OS?

You could use the -I<path> flag to specify an additional directory where your compiler should look for headers. You will probably have to follow up with -L<path> so that gcc can find the library you’ll be linking with using -l<name>.