为什么“ a == b或c或d”总是评估为True？

I am writing a security system that denies access to unauthorized users.

import sys

print("Hello. Please enter your name:")
name = sys.stdin.readline().strip()
if name == "Kevin" or "Jon" or "Inbar":
    print("Access granted.")
else:
    print("Access denied.")

It grants access to authorized users as expected, but it also lets in unauthorized users!

Hello. Please enter your name:
Bob
Access granted.

Why does this occur? I’ve plainly stated to only grant access when name equals Kevin, Jon, or Inbar. I have also tried the opposite logic, if "Kevin" or "Jon" or "Inbar" == name, but the result is the same.

In many cases, Python looks and behaves like natural English, but this is one case where that abstraction fails. People can use context clues to determine that “Jon” and “Inbar” are objects joined to the verb “equals”, but the Python interpreter is more literal minded.

if name == "Kevin" or "Jon" or "Inbar":

is logically equivalent to:

if (name == "Kevin") or ("Jon") or ("Inbar"):

Which, for user Bob, is equivalent to:

if (False) or ("Jon") or ("Inbar"):

The or operator chooses the first argument with a positive truth value:

if ("Jon"):

And since “Jon” has a positive truth value, the if block executes. That is what causes “Access granted” to be printed regardless of the name given.

All of this reasoning also applies to the expression if "Kevin" or "Jon" or "Inbar" == name. the first value, "Kevin", is true, so the if block executes.

There are two common ways to properly construct this conditional.

1. Use multiple == operators to explicitly check against each value:
   if name == "Kevin" or name == "Jon" or name == "Inbar":

2. Compose a sequence of valid values, and use the in operator to test for membership:
   if name in {"Kevin", "Jon", "Inbar"}:

In general of the two the second should be preferred as it’s easier to read and also faster:

>>> import timeit
>>> timeit.timeit('name == "Kevin" or name == "Jon" or name == "Inbar"', setup="name='Inbar'")
0.4247764749999945
>>> timeit.timeit('name in {"Kevin", "Jon", "Inbar"}', setup="name='Inbar'")
0.18493307199999265

For those who may want proof that if a == b or c or d or e: ... is indeed parsed like this. The built-in ast module provides an answer:

>>> import ast
>>> ast.parse("if a == b or c or d or e: ...")
<_ast.Module object at 0x1031ae6a0>
>>> ast.dump(_)
"Module(body=[If(test=BoolOp(op=Or(), values=[Compare(left=Name(id='a', ctx=Load()), ops=[Eq()], comparators=[Name(id='b', ctx=Load())]), Name(id='c', ctx=Load()), Name(id='d', ctx=Load()), Name(id='e', ctx=Load())]), body=[Expr(value=Ellipsis())], orelse=[])])"
>>>

So the test of the if statement looks like this:

BoolOp(
 op=Or(),
 values=[
  Compare(
   left=Name(id='a', ctx=Load()),
   ops=[Eq()],
   comparators=[Name(id='b', ctx=Load())]
  ),
  Name(id='c', ctx=Load()),
  Name(id='d', ctx=Load()),
  Name(id='e', ctx=Load())
 ]
)

As one can see, it’s the boolean operator or applied to multiple values, namely, a == b and c, d, and e.

Simple engineering problem, let’s simply it a bit further.

In [1]: a,b,c,d=1,2,3,4
In [2]: a==b
Out[2]: False

But, inherited from the language C, Python evaluates the logical value of a non zero integer as True.

In [11]: if 3:
    ...:     print ("yey")
    ...:
yey

Now, Python builds on that logic and let you use logic literals such as or on integers, and so

In [9]: False or 3
Out[9]: 3

Finally

In [4]: a==b or c or d
Out[4]: 3

The proper way to write it would be:

In [13]: if a in (b,c,d):
    ...:     print('Access granted')

For safety I’d also suggest you don’t hard code passwords.

There are 3 condition checks in if name == "Kevin" or "Jon" or "Inbar":

• name == “Kevin”
• “Jon”
• “Inbar”

and this if statement is equivalent to

if name == "Kevin":
    print("Access granted.")
elif "Jon":
    print("Access granted.")
elif "Inbar":
    print("Access granted.")
else:
    print("Access denied.")

Since elif "Jon" will always be true so access to any user is granted

Solution

You can use any one method below

Fast

if name in ["Kevin", "Jon", "Inbar"]:
    print("Access granted.")
else:
    print("Access denied.")

Slow

if name == "Kevin" or name == "Jon" or name == "Inbar":
    print("Access granted.")
else:
    print("Access denied.")

Slow + Unnecessary code

if name == "Kevin":
    print("Access granted.")
elif name == "Jon":
    print("Access granted.")
elif name == "Inbar":
    print("Access granted.")
else:
    print("Access denied.")