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为Python项目构建Docker映像时如何避免重新安装软件包？

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问题：为Python项目构建Docker映像时如何避免重新安装软件包？
编辑＃＃：
EDIT##:
回答 0
回答 1
回答 2
回答 3

问题：为Python项目构建Docker映像时如何避免重新安装软件包？

我的Dockerfile就像

FROM my/base

ADD . /srv
RUN pip install -r requirements.txt
RUN python setup.py install

ENTRYPOINT ["run_server"]

每次构建新映像时，都必须重新安装依赖项，这在我所在的地区可能非常慢。

我想到的cache已安装软件包的一种方法是my/base用新的映像覆盖该映像，如下所示：

docker build -t new_image_1 .
docker tag new_image_1 my/base

因此，下一次我使用此Dockerfile进行构建时，我/基础已经安装了一些软件包。

但是此解决方案有两个问题：

  1. 并非总是可以覆盖基本图像
  2. 随着新图像的分层，基础图像变得越来越大

那么，我可以使用哪种更好的解决方案来解决此问题？

编辑＃＃：

有关我机器上的docker的一些信息：

☁  test  docker version
Client version: 1.1.2
Client API version: 1.13
Go version (client): go1.2.1
Git commit (client): d84a070
Server version: 1.1.2
Server API version: 1.13
Go version (server): go1.2.1
Git commit (server): d84a070
☁  test  docker info
Containers: 0
Images: 56
Storage Driver: aufs
 Root Dir: /var/lib/docker/aufs
 Dirs: 56
Execution Driver: native-0.2
Kernel Version: 3.13.0-29-generic
WARNING: No swap limit support
点击查看英文原文

My Dockerfile is something like

FROM my/base

ADD . /srv
RUN pip install -r requirements.txt
RUN python setup.py install

ENTRYPOINT ["run_server"]

Every time I build a new image, dependencies have to be reinstalled, which could be very slow in my region.

One way I think of to cache packages that have been installed is to override the my/base image with newer images like this:

docker build -t new_image_1 .
docker tag new_image_1 my/base

So next time I build with this Dockerfile, my/base already has some packages installed.

But this solution has two problems:

  1. It is not always possible to override a base image
  2. The base image grow bigger and bigger as newer images are layered on it

So what better solution could I use to solve this problem?

EDIT##:

Some information about the docker on my machine:

☁  test  docker version
Client version: 1.1.2
Client API version: 1.13
Go version (client): go1.2.1
Git commit (client): d84a070
Server version: 1.1.2
Server API version: 1.13
Go version (server): go1.2.1
Git commit (server): d84a070
☁  test  docker info
Containers: 0
Images: 56
Storage Driver: aufs
 Root Dir: /var/lib/docker/aufs
 Dirs: 56
Execution Driver: native-0.2
Kernel Version: 3.13.0-29-generic
WARNING: No swap limit support

回答 0

尝试构建一个如下所示的Dockerfile：

FROM my/base

WORKDIR /srv
ADD ./requirements.txt /srv/requirements.txt
RUN pip install -r requirements.txt
ADD . /srv
RUN python setup.py install

ENTRYPOINT ["run_server"]

Docker将在pip安装期间使用缓存，只要您不对进行任何更改requirements.txt，无论位于的其他代码文件是否.已更改。这是一个例子。

这是一个简单的Hello, World!程序：

$ tree
.
├── Dockerfile
├── requirements.txt
└── run.py   

0 directories, 3 file

# Dockerfile

FROM dockerfile/python
WORKDIR /srv
ADD ./requirements.txt /srv/requirements.txt
RUN pip install -r requirements.txt
ADD . /srv
CMD python /srv/run.py

# requirements.txt
pytest==2.3.4

# run.py
print("Hello, World")

docker build的输出：

Step 1 : WORKDIR /srv
---> Running in 22d725d22e10
---> 55768a00fd94
Removing intermediate container 22d725d22e10
Step 2 : ADD ./requirements.txt /srv/requirements.txt
---> 968a7c3a4483
Removing intermediate container 5f4e01f290fd
Step 3 : RUN pip install -r requirements.txt
---> Running in 08188205e92b
Downloading/unpacking pytest==2.3.4 (from -r requirements.txt (line 1))
  Running setup.py (path:/tmp/pip_build_root/pytest/setup.py) egg_info for package pytest
....
Cleaning up...
---> bf5c154b87c9
Removing intermediate container 08188205e92b
Step 4 : ADD . /srv
---> 3002a3a67e72
Removing intermediate container 83defd1851d0
Step 5 : CMD python /srv/run.py
---> Running in 11e69b887341
---> 5c0e7e3726d6
Removing intermediate container 11e69b887341
Successfully built 5c0e7e3726d6

让我们修改一下run.py：

# run.py
print("Hello, Python")

尝试再次构建，下面是输出：

Sending build context to Docker daemon  5.12 kB
Sending build context to Docker daemon 
Step 0 : FROM dockerfile/python
---> f86d6993fc7b
Step 1 : WORKDIR /srv
---> Using cache
---> 55768a00fd94
Step 2 : ADD ./requirements.txt /srv/requirements.txt
---> Using cache
---> 968a7c3a4483
Step 3 : RUN pip install -r requirements.txt
---> Using cache
---> bf5c154b87c9
Step 4 : ADD . /srv
---> 9cc7508034d6
Removing intermediate container 0d7cf71eb05e
Step 5 : CMD python /srv/run.py
---> Running in f25c21135010
---> 4ffab7bc66c7
Removing intermediate container f25c21135010
Successfully built 4ffab7bc66c7

如上所示，这次docker在构建期间使用了缓存。现在，让我们更新requirements.txt：

# requirements.txt

pytest==2.3.4
ipython

以下是docker build的输出：

Sending build context to Docker daemon  5.12 kB
Sending build context to Docker daemon 
Step 0 : FROM dockerfile/python
---> f86d6993fc7b
Step 1 : WORKDIR /srv
---> Using cache
---> 55768a00fd94
Step 2 : ADD ./requirements.txt /srv/requirements.txt
---> b6c19f0643b5
Removing intermediate container a4d9cb37dff0
Step 3 : RUN pip install -r requirements.txt
---> Running in 4b7a85a64c33
Downloading/unpacking pytest==2.3.4 (from -r requirements.txt (line 1))
  Running setup.py (path:/tmp/pip_build_root/pytest/setup.py) egg_info for package pytest

Downloading/unpacking ipython (from -r requirements.txt (line 2))
Downloading/unpacking py>=1.4.12 (from pytest==2.3.4->-r requirements.txt (line 1))
  Running setup.py (path:/tmp/pip_build_root/py/setup.py) egg_info for package py

Installing collected packages: pytest, ipython, py
  Running setup.py install for pytest

Installing py.test script to /usr/local/bin
Installing py.test-2.7 script to /usr/local/bin
  Running setup.py install for py

Successfully installed pytest ipython py
Cleaning up...
---> 23a1af3df8ed
Removing intermediate container 4b7a85a64c33
Step 4 : ADD . /srv
---> d8ae270eca35
Removing intermediate container 7f003ebc3179
Step 5 : CMD python /srv/run.py
---> Running in 510359cf9e12
---> e42fc9121a77
Removing intermediate container 510359cf9e12
Successfully built e42fc9121a77

请注意，在pip安装期间docker如何不使用缓存。如果它不起作用，请检查您的码头工人版本。

Client version: 1.1.2
Client API version: 1.13
Go version (client): go1.2.1
Git commit (client): d84a070
Server version: 1.1.2
Server API version: 1.13
Go version (server): go1.2.1
Git commit (server): d84a070
点击查看英文原文

Try to build a Dockerfile which looks something like this:

FROM my/base

WORKDIR /srv
ADD ./requirements.txt /srv/requirements.txt
RUN pip install -r requirements.txt
ADD . /srv
RUN python setup.py install

ENTRYPOINT ["run_server"]

Docker will use cache during pip install as long as you do not make any changes to the requirements.txt, irrespective of the fact whether other code files at . were changed or not. Here’s an example.

Here’s a simple Hello, World! program:

$ tree
.
├── Dockerfile
├── requirements.txt
└── run.py   

0 directories, 3 file

# Dockerfile

FROM dockerfile/python
WORKDIR /srv
ADD ./requirements.txt /srv/requirements.txt
RUN pip install -r requirements.txt
ADD . /srv
CMD python /srv/run.py

# requirements.txt
pytest==2.3.4

# run.py
print("Hello, World")

The output of docker build:

Step 1 : WORKDIR /srv
---> Running in 22d725d22e10
---> 55768a00fd94
Removing intermediate container 22d725d22e10
Step 2 : ADD ./requirements.txt /srv/requirements.txt
---> 968a7c3a4483
Removing intermediate container 5f4e01f290fd
Step 3 : RUN pip install -r requirements.txt
---> Running in 08188205e92b
Downloading/unpacking pytest==2.3.4 (from -r requirements.txt (line 1))
  Running setup.py (path:/tmp/pip_build_root/pytest/setup.py) egg_info for package pytest
....
Cleaning up...
---> bf5c154b87c9
Removing intermediate container 08188205e92b
Step 4 : ADD . /srv
---> 3002a3a67e72
Removing intermediate container 83defd1851d0
Step 5 : CMD python /srv/run.py
---> Running in 11e69b887341
---> 5c0e7e3726d6
Removing intermediate container 11e69b887341
Successfully built 5c0e7e3726d6

Let’s modify run.py:

# run.py
print("Hello, Python")

Try to build again, below is the output:

Sending build context to Docker daemon  5.12 kB
Sending build context to Docker daemon 
Step 0 : FROM dockerfile/python
---> f86d6993fc7b
Step 1 : WORKDIR /srv
---> Using cache
---> 55768a00fd94
Step 2 : ADD ./requirements.txt /srv/requirements.txt
---> Using cache
---> 968a7c3a4483
Step 3 : RUN pip install -r requirements.txt
---> Using cache
---> bf5c154b87c9
Step 4 : ADD . /srv
---> 9cc7508034d6
Removing intermediate container 0d7cf71eb05e
Step 5 : CMD python /srv/run.py
---> Running in f25c21135010
---> 4ffab7bc66c7
Removing intermediate container f25c21135010
Successfully built 4ffab7bc66c7

As you can see above, this time docker uses cache during the build. Now, let’s update requirements.txt:

# requirements.txt

pytest==2.3.4
ipython

Below is the output of docker build:

Sending build context to Docker daemon  5.12 kB
Sending build context to Docker daemon 
Step 0 : FROM dockerfile/python
---> f86d6993fc7b
Step 1 : WORKDIR /srv
---> Using cache
---> 55768a00fd94
Step 2 : ADD ./requirements.txt /srv/requirements.txt
---> b6c19f0643b5
Removing intermediate container a4d9cb37dff0
Step 3 : RUN pip install -r requirements.txt
---> Running in 4b7a85a64c33
Downloading/unpacking pytest==2.3.4 (from -r requirements.txt (line 1))
  Running setup.py (path:/tmp/pip_build_root/pytest/setup.py) egg_info for package pytest

Downloading/unpacking ipython (from -r requirements.txt (line 2))
Downloading/unpacking py>=1.4.12 (from pytest==2.3.4->-r requirements.txt (line 1))
  Running setup.py (path:/tmp/pip_build_root/py/setup.py) egg_info for package py

Installing collected packages: pytest, ipython, py
  Running setup.py install for pytest

Installing py.test script to /usr/local/bin
Installing py.test-2.7 script to /usr/local/bin
  Running setup.py install for py

Successfully installed pytest ipython py
Cleaning up...
---> 23a1af3df8ed
Removing intermediate container 4b7a85a64c33
Step 4 : ADD . /srv
---> d8ae270eca35
Removing intermediate container 7f003ebc3179
Step 5 : CMD python /srv/run.py
---> Running in 510359cf9e12
---> e42fc9121a77
Removing intermediate container 510359cf9e12
Successfully built e42fc9121a77

Notice how docker didn’t use cache during pip install. If it doesn’t work, check your docker version.

Client version: 1.1.2
Client API version: 1.13
Go version (client): go1.2.1
Git commit (client): d84a070
Server version: 1.1.2
Server API version: 1.13
Go version (server): go1.2.1
Git commit (server): d84a070

回答 1

为了最大程度地减少网络活动，您可以指向pip主机上的缓存目录。

在主机的pip缓存目录绑定已安装到容器的pip缓存目录中的情况下运行docker容器。docker run命令应如下所示：

docker run -v $HOME/.cache/pip-docker/:/root/.cache/pip image_1

然后在您的Dockerfile中，将您的需求作为ENTRYPOINT语句（或CMD语句）的一部分而不是RUN命令来安装。这很重要，因为（如注释中所指出），在映像构建期间（RUN执行语句时）该安装不可用。Docker文件应如下所示：

FROM my/base

ADD . /srv

ENTRYPOINT ["sh", "-c", "pip install -r requirements.txt && python setup.py install && run_server"]
点击查看英文原文

To minimise the network activity, you could point pip to a cache directory on your host machine.

Run your docker container with your host’s pip cache directory bind mounted into your container’s pip cache directory. docker run command should look like this:

docker run -v $HOME/.cache/pip-docker/:/root/.cache/pip image_1

Then in your Dockerfile install your requirements as a part of ENTRYPOINT statement (or CMD statement) instead of as a RUN command. This is important, because (as pointed out in comments) the mount is not available during image building (when RUN statements are executed). Docker file should look like this: 

FROM my/base

ADD . /srv

ENTRYPOINT ["sh", "-c", "pip install -r requirements.txt && python setup.py install && run_server"]

回答 2

我知道这个问题已经有一些流行的答案。但是，有一种更新的方式可以为程序包管理器缓存文件。我认为，当BuildKit变得更加标准时，这可能是一个很好的答案。

从Docker 18.09开始，对BuildKit进行了实验性支持。BuildKit在Dockerfile中增加了对一些新功能的支持，包括对将外部卷安装到RUN步骤中的实验性支持。这使我们可以为诸如之类的东西创建缓存$HOME/.cache/pip/。

我们将使用以下requirements.txt文件作为示例：

Click==7.0
Django==2.2.3
django-appconf==1.0.3
django-compressor==2.3
django-debug-toolbar==2.0
django-filter==2.2.0
django-reversion==3.0.4
django-rq==2.1.0
pytz==2019.1
rcssmin==1.0.6
redis==3.3.4
rjsmin==1.1.0
rq==1.1.0
six==1.12.0
sqlparse==0.3.0

Python的典型示例Dockerfile如下所示：

FROM python:3.7
WORKDIR /usr/src/app
COPY requirements.txt /usr/src/app/
RUN pip install -r requirements.txt
COPY . /usr/src/app

使用DOCKER_BUILDKIT环境变量启用BuildKit后，我们可以pip在大约65秒内构建未缓存的步骤：

$ export DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1
$ docker build -t test .
[+] Building 65.6s (10/10) FINISHED                                                                                                                                             
 => [internal] load .dockerignore                                                                                                                                          0.0s
 => => transferring context: 2B                                                                                                                                            0.0s
 => [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile                                                                                                                       0.0s
 => => transferring dockerfile: 120B                                                                                                                                       0.0s
 => [internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/python:3.7                                                                                                              0.5s
 => CACHED [1/4] FROM docker.io/library/python:3.7@sha256:6eaf19442c358afc24834a6b17a3728a45c129de7703d8583392a138ecbdb092                                                 0.0s
 => [internal] load build context                                                                                                                                          0.6s
 => => transferring context: 899.99kB                                                                                                                                      0.6s
 => CACHED [internal] helper image for file operations                                                                                                                     0.0s
 => [2/4] COPY requirements.txt /usr/src/app/                                                                                                                              0.5s
 => [3/4] RUN pip install -r requirements.txt                                                                                                                             61.3s
 => [4/4] COPY . /usr/src/app                                                                                                                                              1.3s
 => exporting to image                                                                                                                                                     1.2s
 => => exporting layers                                                                                                                                                    1.2s
 => => writing image sha256:d66a2720e81530029bf1c2cb98fb3aee0cffc2f4ea2aa2a0760a30fb718d7f83                                                                               0.0s
 => => naming to docker.io/library/test                                                                                                                                    0.0s

现在，让我们添加实验性标头并修改RUN缓存Python包的步骤：

# syntax=docker/dockerfile:experimental

FROM python:3.7
WORKDIR /usr/src/app
COPY requirements.txt /usr/src/app/
RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/pip pip install -r requirements.txt
COPY . /usr/src/app

继续并立即进行另一个构建。它应该花费相同的时间。但这一次是在新的缓存安装中缓存Python软件包：

$ docker build -t pythontest .
[+] Building 60.3s (14/14) FINISHED                                                                                                                                             
 => [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile                                                                                                                       0.0s
 => => transferring dockerfile: 120B                                                                                                                                       0.0s
 => [internal] load .dockerignore                                                                                                                                          0.0s
 => => transferring context: 2B                                                                                                                                            0.0s
 => resolve image config for docker.io/docker/dockerfile:experimental                                                                                                      0.5s
 => CACHED docker-image://docker.io/docker/dockerfile:experimental@sha256:9022e911101f01b2854c7a4b2c77f524b998891941da55208e71c0335e6e82c3                                 0.0s
 => [internal] load .dockerignore                                                                                                                                          0.0s
 => [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile                                                                                                                       0.0s
 => => transferring dockerfile: 120B                                                                                                                                       0.0s
 => [internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/python:3.7                                                                                                              0.5s
 => CACHED [1/4] FROM docker.io/library/python:3.7@sha256:6eaf19442c358afc24834a6b17a3728a45c129de7703d8583392a138ecbdb092                                                 0.0s
 => [internal] load build context                                                                                                                                          0.7s
 => => transferring context: 899.99kB                                                                                                                                      0.6s
 => CACHED [internal] helper image for file operations                                                                                                                     0.0s
 => [2/4] COPY requirements.txt /usr/src/app/                                                                                                                              0.6s
 => [3/4] RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/pip pip install -r requirements.txt                                                                                  53.3s
 => [4/4] COPY . /usr/src/app                                                                                                                                              2.6s
 => exporting to image                                                                                                                                                     1.2s
 => => exporting layers                                                                                                                                                    1.2s
 => => writing image sha256:0b035548712c1c9e1c80d4a86169c5c1f9e94437e124ea09e90aea82f45c2afc                                                                               0.0s
 => => naming to docker.io/library/test                                                                                                                                    0.0s

大约60秒。类似于我们的第一个版本。

对进行一些小的更改requirements.txt（例如在两个软件包之间添加新行）以强制高速缓存无效并再次运行：

$ docker build -t pythontest .
[+] Building 15.9s (14/14) FINISHED                                                                                                                                             
 => [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile                                                                                                                       0.0s
 => => transferring dockerfile: 120B                                                                                                                                       0.0s
 => [internal] load .dockerignore                                                                                                                                          0.0s
 => => transferring context: 2B                                                                                                                                            0.0s
 => resolve image config for docker.io/docker/dockerfile:experimental                                                                                                      1.1s
 => CACHED docker-image://docker.io/docker/dockerfile:experimental@sha256:9022e911101f01b2854c7a4b2c77f524b998891941da55208e71c0335e6e82c3                                 0.0s
 => [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile                                                                                                                       0.0s
 => => transferring dockerfile: 120B                                                                                                                                       0.0s
 => [internal] load .dockerignore                                                                                                                                          0.0s
 => [internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/python:3.7                                                                                                              0.5s
 => CACHED [1/4] FROM docker.io/library/python:3.7@sha256:6eaf19442c358afc24834a6b17a3728a45c129de7703d8583392a138ecbdb092                                                 0.0s
 => CACHED [internal] helper image for file operations                                                                                                                     0.0s
 => [internal] load build context                                                                                                                                          0.7s
 => => transferring context: 899.99kB                                                                                                                                      0.7s
 => [2/4] COPY requirements.txt /usr/src/app/                                                                                                                              0.6s
 => [3/4] RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/pip pip install -r requirements.txt                                                                                   8.8s
 => [4/4] COPY . /usr/src/app                                                                                                                                              2.1s
 => exporting to image                                                                                                                                                     1.1s
 => => exporting layers                                                                                                                                                    1.1s
 => => writing image sha256:fc84cd45482a70e8de48bfd6489e5421532c2dd02aaa3e1e49a290a3dfb9df7c                                                                               0.0s
 => => naming to docker.io/library/test                                                                                                                                    0.0s

仅约16秒！

由于不再下载所有Python软件包，因此我们获得了这种加速。它们由程序包管理器缓存（pip在这种情况下），并存储在缓存卷装载中。卷安装已提供给运行步骤，以便pip可以重复使用我们已经下载的软件包。这发生在任何Docker层缓存之外。

大的时候收益应该更好requirements.txt。

笔记：

  • 这是实验性的Dockerfile语法，应这样对待。您现在可能不想在生产中使用此版本。
  • 目前，BuildKit的东西在Docker Compose或其他直接使用Docker API的工具下不起作用。从1.25.0开始，Docker Compose中已对此提供支持。请参阅如何使用docker-compose启用BuildKit？
  • 目前没有任何直接接口可用于管理缓存。当您执行一次操作时，它将被清除docker system prune -a。

希望这些功能可以使其融入Docker进行构建，并且BuildKit将成为默认设置。如果/当发生这种情况时，我将尝试更新此答案。

点击查看英文原文

I understand this question has some popular answers already. But there is a newer way to cache files for package managers. I think it could be a good answer in the future when BuildKit becomes more standard.

As of Docker 18.09 there is experimental support for BuildKit. BuildKit adds support for some new features in the Dockerfile including experimental support for mounting external volumes into RUN steps. This allows us to create caches for things like $HOME/.cache/pip/.

We’ll use the following requirements.txt file as an example:

Click==7.0
Django==2.2.3
django-appconf==1.0.3
django-compressor==2.3
django-debug-toolbar==2.0
django-filter==2.2.0
django-reversion==3.0.4
django-rq==2.1.0
pytz==2019.1
rcssmin==1.0.6
redis==3.3.4
rjsmin==1.1.0
rq==1.1.0
six==1.12.0
sqlparse==0.3.0

A typical example Python Dockerfile might look like:

FROM python:3.7
WORKDIR /usr/src/app
COPY requirements.txt /usr/src/app/
RUN pip install -r requirements.txt
COPY . /usr/src/app

With BuildKit enabled using the DOCKER_BUILDKIT environment variable we can build the uncached pip step in about 65 seconds:

$ export DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1
$ docker build -t test .
[+] Building 65.6s (10/10) FINISHED                                                                                                                                             
 => [internal] load .dockerignore                                                                                                                                          0.0s
 => => transferring context: 2B                                                                                                                                            0.0s
 => [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile                                                                                                                       0.0s
 => => transferring dockerfile: 120B                                                                                                                                       0.0s
 => [internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/python:3.7                                                                                                              0.5s
 => CACHED [1/4] FROM docker.io/library/python:3.7@sha256:6eaf19442c358afc24834a6b17a3728a45c129de7703d8583392a138ecbdb092                                                 0.0s
 => [internal] load build context                                                                                                                                          0.6s
 => => transferring context: 899.99kB                                                                                                                                      0.6s
 => CACHED [internal] helper image for file operations                                                                                                                     0.0s
 => [2/4] COPY requirements.txt /usr/src/app/                                                                                                                              0.5s
 => [3/4] RUN pip install -r requirements.txt                                                                                                                             61.3s
 => [4/4] COPY . /usr/src/app                                                                                                                                              1.3s
 => exporting to image                                                                                                                                                     1.2s
 => => exporting layers                                                                                                                                                    1.2s
 => => writing image sha256:d66a2720e81530029bf1c2cb98fb3aee0cffc2f4ea2aa2a0760a30fb718d7f83                                                                               0.0s
 => => naming to docker.io/library/test                                                                                                                                    0.0s

Now, let us add the experimental header and modify the RUN step to cache the Python packages:

# syntax=docker/dockerfile:experimental

FROM python:3.7
WORKDIR /usr/src/app
COPY requirements.txt /usr/src/app/
RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/pip pip install -r requirements.txt
COPY . /usr/src/app

Go ahead and do another build now. It should take the same amount of time. But this time it is caching the Python packages in our new cache mount:

$ docker build -t pythontest .
[+] Building 60.3s (14/14) FINISHED                                                                                                                                             
 => [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile                                                                                                                       0.0s
 => => transferring dockerfile: 120B                                                                                                                                       0.0s
 => [internal] load .dockerignore                                                                                                                                          0.0s
 => => transferring context: 2B                                                                                                                                            0.0s
 => resolve image config for docker.io/docker/dockerfile:experimental                                                                                                      0.5s
 => CACHED docker-image://docker.io/docker/dockerfile:experimental@sha256:9022e911101f01b2854c7a4b2c77f524b998891941da55208e71c0335e6e82c3                                 0.0s
 => [internal] load .dockerignore                                                                                                                                          0.0s
 => [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile                                                                                                                       0.0s
 => => transferring dockerfile: 120B                                                                                                                                       0.0s
 => [internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/python:3.7                                                                                                              0.5s
 => CACHED [1/4] FROM docker.io/library/python:3.7@sha256:6eaf19442c358afc24834a6b17a3728a45c129de7703d8583392a138ecbdb092                                                 0.0s
 => [internal] load build context                                                                                                                                          0.7s
 => => transferring context: 899.99kB                                                                                                                                      0.6s
 => CACHED [internal] helper image for file operations                                                                                                                     0.0s
 => [2/4] COPY requirements.txt /usr/src/app/                                                                                                                              0.6s
 => [3/4] RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/pip pip install -r requirements.txt                                                                                  53.3s
 => [4/4] COPY . /usr/src/app                                                                                                                                              2.6s
 => exporting to image                                                                                                                                                     1.2s
 => => exporting layers                                                                                                                                                    1.2s
 => => writing image sha256:0b035548712c1c9e1c80d4a86169c5c1f9e94437e124ea09e90aea82f45c2afc                                                                               0.0s
 => => naming to docker.io/library/test                                                                                                                                    0.0s

About 60 seconds. Similar to our first build.

Make a small change to the requirements.txt (such as adding a new line between two packages) to force a cache invalidation and run again:

$ docker build -t pythontest .
[+] Building 15.9s (14/14) FINISHED                                                                                                                                             
 => [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile                                                                                                                       0.0s
 => => transferring dockerfile: 120B                                                                                                                                       0.0s
 => [internal] load .dockerignore                                                                                                                                          0.0s
 => => transferring context: 2B                                                                                                                                            0.0s
 => resolve image config for docker.io/docker/dockerfile:experimental                                                                                                      1.1s
 => CACHED docker-image://docker.io/docker/dockerfile:experimental@sha256:9022e911101f01b2854c7a4b2c77f524b998891941da55208e71c0335e6e82c3                                 0.0s
 => [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile                                                                                                                       0.0s
 => => transferring dockerfile: 120B                                                                                                                                       0.0s
 => [internal] load .dockerignore                                                                                                                                          0.0s
 => [internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/python:3.7                                                                                                              0.5s
 => CACHED [1/4] FROM docker.io/library/python:3.7@sha256:6eaf19442c358afc24834a6b17a3728a45c129de7703d8583392a138ecbdb092                                                 0.0s
 => CACHED [internal] helper image for file operations                                                                                                                     0.0s
 => [internal] load build context                                                                                                                                          0.7s
 => => transferring context: 899.99kB                                                                                                                                      0.7s
 => [2/4] COPY requirements.txt /usr/src/app/                                                                                                                              0.6s
 => [3/4] RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/pip pip install -r requirements.txt                                                                                   8.8s
 => [4/4] COPY . /usr/src/app                                                                                                                                              2.1s
 => exporting to image                                                                                                                                                     1.1s
 => => exporting layers                                                                                                                                                    1.1s
 => => writing image sha256:fc84cd45482a70e8de48bfd6489e5421532c2dd02aaa3e1e49a290a3dfb9df7c                                                                               0.0s
 => => naming to docker.io/library/test                                                                                                                                    0.0s

Only about 16 seconds!

We are getting this speedup because we are no longer downloading all the Python packages. They were cached by the package manager (pip in this case) and stored in a cache volume mount. The volume mount is provided to the run step so that pip can reuse our already downloaded packages. This happens outside any Docker layer caching.

The gains should be much better on larger requirements.txt.

Notes:

  • This is experimental Dockerfile syntax and should be treated as such. You may not want to build with this in production at the moment.
  • The BuildKit stuff doesn’t work under Docker Compose or other tools that directly use the Docker API at the moment. There is now support for this in Docker Compose as of 1.25.0. See How do you enable BuildKit with docker-compose?
  • There isn’t any direct interface for managed the cache at the moment. It is purged when you do a docker system prune -a.

Hopefully, these features will make it into Docker for building and BuildKit will become the default. If / when that happens I will try to update this answer.

回答 3

我发现更好的方法是将Python site-packages目录添加为卷。 

services:
    web:
        build: .
        command: python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000
        volumes:
            - .:/code
            -  /usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/

这样，我可以只安装新的库而不必进行完全重建。

编辑：忽略此答案，以上jkukul的答案为我工作。我的意图是缓存site-packages文件夹。那看起来应该更像：

volumes:
   - .:/code
   - ./cached-packages:/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/

缓存下载文件夹虽然更干净。这也可以缓存轮子，因此可以正确地完成任务。

点击查看英文原文

I found that a better way is to just add the Python site-packages directory as a volume. 

services:
    web:
        build: .
        command: python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000
        volumes:
            - .:/code
            -  /usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/

This way I can just pip install new libraries without having to do a full rebuild.

EDIT: Disregard this answer, jkukul’s answer above worked for me. My intent was to cache the site-packages folder. That would have looked something more like:

volumes:
   - .:/code
   - ./cached-packages:/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/

Caching the download folder is alot cleaner though. That also caches the wheels, so it properly achieves the task.