从子目录导入文件?

问题:从子目录导入文件?

我的档案tester.py位于/project

/project有一个名为的子目录lib,文件名为BoxTime.py

/project/tester.py
/project/lib/BoxTime.py

我想导入BoxTimetester。我已经试过了:

import lib.BoxTime

结果是:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "./tester.py", line 3, in <module>
    import lib.BoxTime
ImportError: No module named lib.BoxTime

任何想法如何BoxTime从子目录导入?

编辑

__init__.py是问题,但不要忘了提及BoxTime作为lib.BoxTime,或使用:

import lib.BoxTime as BT
...
BT.bt_function()

I have a file called tester.py, located on /project.

/project has a subdirectory called lib, with a file called BoxTime.py:

/project/tester.py
/project/lib/BoxTime.py

I want to import BoxTime from tester. I have tried this:

import lib.BoxTime

Which resulted:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "./tester.py", line 3, in <module>
    import lib.BoxTime
ImportError: No module named lib.BoxTime

Any ideas how to import BoxTime from the subdirectory?

EDIT

The __init__.py was the problem, but don’t forget to refer to BoxTime as lib.BoxTime, or use:

import lib.BoxTime as BT
...
BT.bt_function()

回答 0

在此处查看Packages文档(第6.4节):http : //docs.python.org/tutorial/modules.html

简而言之,您需要放置一个名为

__init__.py

在“ lib”目录中。

Take a look at the Packages documentation (Section 6.4) here: http://docs.python.org/tutorial/modules.html

In short, you need to put a blank file named

__init__.py

in the “lib” directory.


回答 1

  • 创建一个名为的子目录lib
  • 创建一个名为的空文件lib\__init__.py
  • 在中lib\BoxTime.py,编写如下函数foo()

    def foo():
        print "foo!"
    
  • 在上面目录中的客户机代码中lib,编写:

    from lib import BoxTime
    BoxTime.foo()
    
  • 运行您的客户端代码。你会得到:

    foo!

后来,在Linux中,它看起来像这样:

% cd ~/tmp
% mkdir lib
% touch lib/__init__.py
% cat > lib/BoxTime.py << EOF
heredoc> def foo():
heredoc>     print "foo!"
heredoc> EOF
% tree lib
lib
├── BoxTime.py
└── __init__.py

0 directories, 2 files
% python 
Python 2.7.6 (default, Mar 22 2014, 22:59:56) 
[GCC 4.8.2] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from lib import BoxTime
>>> BoxTime.foo()
foo!
  • Create a subdirectory named lib.
  • Create an empty file named lib\__init__.py.
  • In lib\BoxTime.py, write a function foo() like this:

    def foo():
        print "foo!"
    
  • In your client code in the directory above lib, write:

    from lib import BoxTime
    BoxTime.foo()
    
  • Run your client code. You will get:

    foo!
    

Much later — in linux, it would look like this:

% cd ~/tmp
% mkdir lib
% touch lib/__init__.py
% cat > lib/BoxTime.py << EOF
heredoc> def foo():
heredoc>     print "foo!"
heredoc> EOF
% tree lib
lib
├── BoxTime.py
└── __init__.py

0 directories, 2 files
% python 
Python 2.7.6 (default, Mar 22 2014, 22:59:56) 
[GCC 4.8.2] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from lib import BoxTime
>>> BoxTime.foo()
foo!

回答 2

您可以尝试将其插入sys.path

sys.path.insert(0, './lib')
import BoxTime

You can try inserting it in sys.path:

sys.path.insert(0, './lib')
import BoxTime

回答 3

我写下来是因为每个人似乎都建议您必须创建lib目录。

您无需命名子目录lib。你能说出它anything提供你把一个__init__.py进去。

您可以通过在Linux shell中输入以下命令来做到这一点:

$ touch anything/__init__.py 

所以现在您有了以下结构:

$ ls anything/
__init__.py
mylib.py

$ ls
main.py

然后,你可以导入mylibmain.py这样的:

from anything import mylib 

mylib.myfun()

您也可以像这样导入函数和类:

from anything.mylib import MyClass
from anything.mylib import myfun

instance = MyClass()
result = myfun()

您放置在其中的任何变量函数或类__init__.py也可以访问:

import anything

print(anything.myvar)

或像这样:

from anything import myvar

print(myvar)

I am writing this down because everyone seems to suggest that you have to create a lib directory.

You don’t need to name your sub-directory lib. You can name it anything provided you put an __init__.py into it.

You can do that by entering the following command in a linux shell:

$ touch anything/__init__.py 

So now you have this structure:

$ ls anything/
__init__.py
mylib.py

$ ls
main.py

Then you can import mylib into main.py like this:

from anything import mylib 

mylib.myfun()

You can also import functions and classes like this:

from anything.mylib import MyClass
from anything.mylib import myfun

instance = MyClass()
result = myfun()

Any variable function or class you place inside __init__.py can also be accessed:

import anything

print(anything.myvar)

Or like this:

from anything import myvar

print(myvar)

回答 4

您的lib目录是否包含__init__.py文件?

Python用于__init__.py确定目录是否为模块。

Does your lib directory contain a __init__.py file?

Python uses __init__.py to determine if a directory is a module.


回答 5

尝试import .lib.BoxTime。有关更多信息,请参阅PEP 328中的相对导入。

Try import .lib.BoxTime. For more information read about relative import in PEP 328.


回答 6

我这样做基本上涵盖了所有情况(确保您__init__.py在relative / path / to / your / lib / folder中):

import sys, os
sys.path.append(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)) + "/relative/path/to/your/lib/folder")
import someFileNameWhichIsInTheFolder
...
somefile.foo()


示例:
您在项目文件夹中:

/root/myproject/app.py

您在另一个项目文件夹中:

/root/anotherproject/utils.py
/root/anotherproject/__init__.py

您要使用/root/anotherproject/utils.py并调用其中的foo函数。

因此,您在app.py中编写:

import sys, os
sys.path.append(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)) + "/../anotherproject")
import utils

utils.foo()

I do this which basically covers all cases (make sure you have __init__.py in relative/path/to/your/lib/folder):

import sys, os
sys.path.append(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)) + "/relative/path/to/your/lib/folder")
import someFileNameWhichIsInTheFolder
...
somefile.foo()


Example:
You have in your project folder:

/root/myproject/app.py

You have in another project folder:

/root/anotherproject/utils.py
/root/anotherproject/__init__.py

You want to use /root/anotherproject/utils.py and call foo function which is in it.

So you write in app.py:

import sys, os
sys.path.append(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)) + "/../anotherproject")
import utils

utils.foo()

回答 7

__init__.py在子目录/ lib中创建一个空文件 。并在主代码的开头添加

from __future__ import absolute_import 

然后

import lib.BoxTime as BT
...
BT.bt_function()

或更好

from lib.BoxTime import bt_function
...
bt_function()

Create an empty file __init__.py in subdirectory /lib. And add at the begin of main code

from __future__ import absolute_import 

then

import lib.BoxTime as BT
...
BT.bt_function()

or better

from lib.BoxTime import bt_function
...
bt_function()

回答 8

只是这些答案的补充。

如果要从所有子目录导入所有文件,可以将其添加到文件的根目录。

import sys, os
sys.path.extend([f'./{name}' for name in os.listdir(".") if os.path.isdir(name)])

然后,您可以简单地从子目录中导入文件,就像这些文件位于当前目录中一样。

工作实例

如果我的项目中有以下目录及其子目录…

.
├── a.py
├── b.py
├── c.py
├── subdirectory_a
   ├── d.py
   └── e.py
├── subdirectory_b
   └── f.py
├── subdirectory_c
   └── g.py
└── subdirectory_d
    └── h.py

我可以将以下代码放入a.py文件中

import sys, os
sys.path.extend([f'./{name}' for name in os.listdir(".") if os.path.isdir(name)])

# And then you can import files just as if these files are inside the current directory

import b
import c
import d
import e
import f
import g
import h

换句话说,此代码将抽象出文件来自哪个目录。

Just an addition to these answers.

If you want to import all files from all subdirectories, you can add this to the root of your file.

import sys, os
sys.path.extend([f'./{name}' for name in os.listdir(".") if os.path.isdir(name)])

And then you can simply import files from the subdirectories just as if these files are inside the current directory.

Working example

If I have the following directory with subdirectories in my project…

.
├── a.py
├── b.py
├── c.py
├── subdirectory_a
│   ├── d.py
│   └── e.py
├── subdirectory_b
│   └── f.py
├── subdirectory_c
│   └── g.py
└── subdirectory_d
    └── h.py

I can put the following code inside my a.py file

import sys, os
sys.path.extend([f'./{name}' for name in os.listdir(".") if os.path.isdir(name)])

# And then you can import files just as if these files are inside the current directory

import b
import c
import d
import e
import f
import g
import h

In other words, this code will abstract from which directory the file is coming from.


回答 9

/project/tester.py

/project/lib/BoxTime.py

下一__init__.py行创建空白文件,直到找到文件

/project/lib/somefolder/BoxTime.py

#lib-需求有两个项目__init__.py,一个名为somefolder的目录 #somefolder有两个项目boxtime.py__init__.py

/project/tester.py

/project/lib/BoxTime.py

create blank file __init__.py down the line till you reach the file

/project/lib/somefolder/BoxTime.py

#lib — needs has two items one __init__.py and a directory named somefolder #somefolder has two items boxtime.py and __init__.py


回答 10

尝试这个:

from lib import BoxTime

try this:

from lib import BoxTime