在共享内存中使用numpy数组进行多处理

问题:在共享内存中使用numpy数组进行多处理

我想在共享内存中使用一个numpy数组,以便与多处理模块一起使用。困难是像numpy数组一样使用它,而不仅仅是ctypes数组。

from multiprocessing import Process, Array
import scipy

def f(a):
    a[0] = -a[0]

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Create the array
    N = int(10)
    unshared_arr = scipy.rand(N)
    arr = Array('d', unshared_arr)
    print "Originally, the first two elements of arr = %s"%(arr[:2])

    # Create, start, and finish the child processes
    p = Process(target=f, args=(arr,))
    p.start()
    p.join()

    # Printing out the changed values
    print "Now, the first two elements of arr = %s"%arr[:2]

这将产生如下输出:

Originally, the first two elements of arr = [0.3518653236697369, 0.517794725524976]
Now, the first two elements of arr = [-0.3518653236697369, 0.517794725524976]

可以ctypes方式访问该数组,例如arr[i]说得通。但是,它不是一个numpy数组,因此我无法执行-1*arr,或arr.sum()。我想一个解决方案是将ctypes数组转换为numpy数组。但是(除了无法完成这项工作之外),我不相信会再共享它。

对于必须解决的常见问题,似乎将有一个标准解决方案。

I would like to use a numpy array in shared memory for use with the multiprocessing module. The difficulty is using it like a numpy array, and not just as a ctypes array.

from multiprocessing import Process, Array
import scipy

def f(a):
    a[0] = -a[0]

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Create the array
    N = int(10)
    unshared_arr = scipy.rand(N)
    arr = Array('d', unshared_arr)
    print "Originally, the first two elements of arr = %s"%(arr[:2])

    # Create, start, and finish the child processes
    p = Process(target=f, args=(arr,))
    p.start()
    p.join()

    # Printing out the changed values
    print "Now, the first two elements of arr = %s"%arr[:2]

This produces output such as:

Originally, the first two elements of arr = [0.3518653236697369, 0.517794725524976]
Now, the first two elements of arr = [-0.3518653236697369, 0.517794725524976]

The array can be accessed in a ctypes manner, e.g. arr[i] makes sense. However, it is not a numpy array, and I cannot perform operations such as -1*arr, or arr.sum(). I suppose a solution would be to convert the ctypes array into a numpy array. However (besides not being able to make this work), I don’t believe it would be shared anymore.

It seems there would be a standard solution to what has to be a common problem.


回答 0

要添加到@unutbu(不再可用)和@Henry Gomersall的答案中。您可以shared_arr.get_lock()在需要时使用来同步访问:

shared_arr = mp.Array(ctypes.c_double, N)
# ...
def f(i): # could be anything numpy accepts as an index such another numpy array
    with shared_arr.get_lock(): # synchronize access
        arr = np.frombuffer(shared_arr.get_obj()) # no data copying
        arr[i] = -arr[i]

import ctypes
import logging
import multiprocessing as mp

from contextlib import closing

import numpy as np

info = mp.get_logger().info

def main():
    logger = mp.log_to_stderr()
    logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)

    # create shared array
    N, M = 100, 11
    shared_arr = mp.Array(ctypes.c_double, N)
    arr = tonumpyarray(shared_arr)

    # fill with random values
    arr[:] = np.random.uniform(size=N)
    arr_orig = arr.copy()

    # write to arr from different processes
    with closing(mp.Pool(initializer=init, initargs=(shared_arr,))) as p:
        # many processes access the same slice
        stop_f = N // 10
        p.map_async(f, [slice(stop_f)]*M)

        # many processes access different slices of the same array
        assert M % 2 # odd
        step = N // 10
        p.map_async(g, [slice(i, i + step) for i in range(stop_f, N, step)])
    p.join()
    assert np.allclose(((-1)**M)*tonumpyarray(shared_arr), arr_orig)

def init(shared_arr_):
    global shared_arr
    shared_arr = shared_arr_ # must be inherited, not passed as an argument

def tonumpyarray(mp_arr):
    return np.frombuffer(mp_arr.get_obj())

def f(i):
    """synchronized."""
    with shared_arr.get_lock(): # synchronize access
        g(i)

def g(i):
    """no synchronization."""
    info("start %s" % (i,))
    arr = tonumpyarray(shared_arr)
    arr[i] = -1 * arr[i]
    info("end   %s" % (i,))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    mp.freeze_support()
    main()

如果您不需要同步访问或创建自己的锁,则mp.Array()没有必要。mp.sharedctypes.RawArray在这种情况下,您可以使用。

To add to @unutbu’s (not available anymore) and @Henry Gomersall’s answers. You could use shared_arr.get_lock() to synchronize access when needed:

shared_arr = mp.Array(ctypes.c_double, N)
# ...
def f(i): # could be anything numpy accepts as an index such another numpy array
    with shared_arr.get_lock(): # synchronize access
        arr = np.frombuffer(shared_arr.get_obj()) # no data copying
        arr[i] = -arr[i]

Example

import ctypes
import logging
import multiprocessing as mp

from contextlib import closing

import numpy as np

info = mp.get_logger().info

def main():
    logger = mp.log_to_stderr()
    logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)

    # create shared array
    N, M = 100, 11
    shared_arr = mp.Array(ctypes.c_double, N)
    arr = tonumpyarray(shared_arr)

    # fill with random values
    arr[:] = np.random.uniform(size=N)
    arr_orig = arr.copy()

    # write to arr from different processes
    with closing(mp.Pool(initializer=init, initargs=(shared_arr,))) as p:
        # many processes access the same slice
        stop_f = N // 10
        p.map_async(f, [slice(stop_f)]*M)

        # many processes access different slices of the same array
        assert M % 2 # odd
        step = N // 10
        p.map_async(g, [slice(i, i + step) for i in range(stop_f, N, step)])
    p.join()
    assert np.allclose(((-1)**M)*tonumpyarray(shared_arr), arr_orig)

def init(shared_arr_):
    global shared_arr
    shared_arr = shared_arr_ # must be inherited, not passed as an argument

def tonumpyarray(mp_arr):
    return np.frombuffer(mp_arr.get_obj())

def f(i):
    """synchronized."""
    with shared_arr.get_lock(): # synchronize access
        g(i)

def g(i):
    """no synchronization."""
    info("start %s" % (i,))
    arr = tonumpyarray(shared_arr)
    arr[i] = -1 * arr[i]
    info("end   %s" % (i,))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    mp.freeze_support()
    main()

If you don’t need synchronized access or you create your own locks then mp.Array() is unnecessary. You could use mp.sharedctypes.RawArray in this case.


回答 1

Array对象具有get_obj()与之关联的方法,该方法返回呈现缓冲区接口的ctypes数组。我认为以下应该起作用…

from multiprocessing import Process, Array
import scipy
import numpy

def f(a):
    a[0] = -a[0]

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Create the array
    N = int(10)
    unshared_arr = scipy.rand(N)
    a = Array('d', unshared_arr)
    print "Originally, the first two elements of arr = %s"%(a[:2])

    # Create, start, and finish the child process
    p = Process(target=f, args=(a,))
    p.start()
    p.join()

    # Print out the changed values
    print "Now, the first two elements of arr = %s"%a[:2]

    b = numpy.frombuffer(a.get_obj())

    b[0] = 10.0
    print a[0]

运行时,它将打印出现在的第一个元素a10.0,显示ab只是进入同一内存的两个视图。

为了确保它仍然是多处理器安全的,我相信您将必须使用对象acquirerelease上存在的方法,以及其内置的锁以确保可以安全地访问所有对象(尽管我不是专家)多处理器模块)。Arraya

The Array object has a get_obj() method associated with it, which returns the ctypes array which presents a buffer interface. I think the following should work…

from multiprocessing import Process, Array
import scipy
import numpy

def f(a):
    a[0] = -a[0]

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Create the array
    N = int(10)
    unshared_arr = scipy.rand(N)
    a = Array('d', unshared_arr)
    print "Originally, the first two elements of arr = %s"%(a[:2])

    # Create, start, and finish the child process
    p = Process(target=f, args=(a,))
    p.start()
    p.join()

    # Print out the changed values
    print "Now, the first two elements of arr = %s"%a[:2]

    b = numpy.frombuffer(a.get_obj())

    b[0] = 10.0
    print a[0]

When run, this prints out the first element of a now being 10.0, showing a and b are just two views into the same memory.

In order to make sure it is still multiprocessor safe, I believe you will have to use the acquire and release methods that exist on the Array object, a, and its built in lock to make sure its all safely accessed (though I’m not an expert on the multiprocessor module).


回答 2

尽管已经给出了很好的答案,但是只要满足两个条件,就可以轻松解决此问题:

  1. 您使用的是POSIX兼容的操作系统(例如Linux,Mac OSX);和
  2. 您的子进程需要对共享阵列的只读访问权限

在这种情况下,您无需费心地显式地使变量共享,因为将使用派生来创建子进程。分叉的孩子会自动共享父母的内存空间。在Python多处理的上下文中,这意味着它共享所有模块级变量;请注意,这不适用于您显式传递给子进程或传递给a multiprocessing.Pool或此类函数的参数。

一个简单的例子:

import multiprocessing
import numpy as np

# will hold the (implicitly mem-shared) data
data_array = None

# child worker function
def job_handler(num):
    # built-in id() returns unique memory ID of a variable
    return id(data_array), np.sum(data_array)

def launch_jobs(data, num_jobs=5, num_worker=4):
    global data_array
    data_array = data

    pool = multiprocessing.Pool(num_worker)
    return pool.map(job_handler, range(num_jobs))

# create some random data and execute the child jobs
mem_ids, sumvals = zip(*launch_jobs(np.random.rand(10)))

# this will print 'True' on POSIX OS, since the data was shared
print(np.all(np.asarray(mem_ids) == id(data_array)))

While the answers already given are good, there is a much easier solution to this problem provided two conditions are met:

  1. You are on a POSIX-compliant operating system (e.g. Linux, Mac OSX); and
  2. Your child processes need read-only access to the shared array.

In this case you do not need to fiddle with explicitly making variables shared, as the child processes will be created using a fork. A forked child automatically shares the parent’s memory space. In the context of Python multiprocessing, this means it shares all module-level variables; note that this does not hold for arguments that you explicitly pass to your child processes or to the functions you call on a multiprocessing.Pool or so.

A simple example:

import multiprocessing
import numpy as np

# will hold the (implicitly mem-shared) data
data_array = None

# child worker function
def job_handler(num):
    # built-in id() returns unique memory ID of a variable
    return id(data_array), np.sum(data_array)

def launch_jobs(data, num_jobs=5, num_worker=4):
    global data_array
    data_array = data

    pool = multiprocessing.Pool(num_worker)
    return pool.map(job_handler, range(num_jobs))

# create some random data and execute the child jobs
mem_ids, sumvals = zip(*launch_jobs(np.random.rand(10)))

# this will print 'True' on POSIX OS, since the data was shared
print(np.all(np.asarray(mem_ids) == id(data_array)))

回答 3

我编写了一个小的python模块,该模块使用POSIX共享内存在python解释器之间共享numpy数组。也许您会发现它很方便。

https://pypi.python.org/pypi/SharedArray

运作方式如下:

import numpy as np
import SharedArray as sa

# Create an array in shared memory
a = sa.create("test1", 10)

# Attach it as a different array. This can be done from another
# python interpreter as long as it runs on the same computer.
b = sa.attach("test1")

# See how they are actually sharing the same memory block
a[0] = 42
print(b[0])

# Destroying a does not affect b.
del a
print(b[0])

# See how "test1" is still present in shared memory even though we
# destroyed the array a.
sa.list()

# Now destroy the array "test1" from memory.
sa.delete("test1")

# The array b is not affected, but once you destroy it then the
# data are lost.
print(b[0])

I’ve written a small python module that uses POSIX shared memory to share numpy arrays between python interpreters. Maybe you will find it handy.

https://pypi.python.org/pypi/SharedArray

Here’s how it works:

import numpy as np
import SharedArray as sa

# Create an array in shared memory
a = sa.create("test1", 10)

# Attach it as a different array. This can be done from another
# python interpreter as long as it runs on the same computer.
b = sa.attach("test1")

# See how they are actually sharing the same memory block
a[0] = 42
print(b[0])

# Destroying a does not affect b.
del a
print(b[0])

# See how "test1" is still present in shared memory even though we
# destroyed the array a.
sa.list()

# Now destroy the array "test1" from memory.
sa.delete("test1")

# The array b is not affected, but once you destroy it then the
# data are lost.
print(b[0])

回答 4

您可以使用以下sharedmem模块:https : //bitbucket.org/cleemesser/numpy-sharedmem

然后,这是您的原始代码,这一次使用行为类似于NumPy数组的共享内存(请注意调用NumPy sum()函数的其他最后一条语句):

from multiprocessing import Process
import sharedmem
import scipy

def f(a):
    a[0] = -a[0]

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Create the array
    N = int(10)
    unshared_arr = scipy.rand(N)
    arr = sharedmem.empty(N)
    arr[:] = unshared_arr.copy()
    print "Originally, the first two elements of arr = %s"%(arr[:2])

    # Create, start, and finish the child process
    p = Process(target=f, args=(arr,))
    p.start()
    p.join()

    # Print out the changed values
    print "Now, the first two elements of arr = %s"%arr[:2]

    # Perform some NumPy operation
    print arr.sum()

You can use the sharedmem module: https://bitbucket.org/cleemesser/numpy-sharedmem

Here’s your original code then, this time using shared memory that behaves like a NumPy array (note the additional last statement calling a NumPy sum() function):

from multiprocessing import Process
import sharedmem
import scipy

def f(a):
    a[0] = -a[0]

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Create the array
    N = int(10)
    unshared_arr = scipy.rand(N)
    arr = sharedmem.empty(N)
    arr[:] = unshared_arr.copy()
    print "Originally, the first two elements of arr = %s"%(arr[:2])

    # Create, start, and finish the child process
    p = Process(target=f, args=(arr,))
    p.start()
    p.join()

    # Print out the changed values
    print "Now, the first two elements of arr = %s"%arr[:2]

    # Perform some NumPy operation
    print arr.sum()