如何在Python中将数字四舍五入为有效数字

I need to round a float to be displayed in a UI. E.g, to one significant figure:

1234 -> 1000

0.12 -> 0.1

0.012 -> 0.01

0.062 -> 0.06

6253 -> 6000

1999 -> 2000

Is there a nice way to do this using the Python library, or do I have to write it myself?

You can use negative numbers to round integers:

>>> round(1234, -3)
1000.0

Thus if you need only most significant digit:

>>> from math import log10, floor
>>> def round_to_1(x):
...   return round(x, -int(floor(log10(abs(x)))))
... 
>>> round_to_1(0.0232)
0.02
>>> round_to_1(1234243)
1000000.0
>>> round_to_1(13)
10.0
>>> round_to_1(4)
4.0
>>> round_to_1(19)
20.0

You’ll probably have to take care of turning float to integer if it’s bigger than 1.

%g in string formatting will format a float rounded to some number of significant figures. It will sometimes use ‘e’ scientific notation, so convert the rounded string back to a float then through %s string formatting.

>>> '%s' % float('%.1g' % 1234)
'1000'
>>> '%s' % float('%.1g' % 0.12)
'0.1'
>>> '%s' % float('%.1g' % 0.012)
'0.01'
>>> '%s' % float('%.1g' % 0.062)
'0.06'
>>> '%s' % float('%.1g' % 6253)
'6000.0'
>>> '%s' % float('%.1g' % 1999)
'2000.0'

If you want to have other than 1 significant decimal (otherwise the same as Evgeny):

>>> from math import log10, floor
>>> def round_sig(x, sig=2):
...   return round(x, sig-int(floor(log10(abs(x))))-1)
... 
>>> round_sig(0.0232)
0.023
>>> round_sig(0.0232, 1)
0.02
>>> round_sig(1234243, 3)
1230000.0

f'{float(f"{i:.1g}"):g}'
# Or with Python <3.6,
'{:g}'.format(float('{:.1g}'.format(i)))

This solution is different from all of the others because:

1. it exactly solves the OP question
2. it does not need any extra package
3. it does not need any user-defined auxiliary function or mathematical operation

For an arbitrary number n of significant figures, you can use:

print('{:g}'.format(float('{:.{p}g}'.format(i, p=n))))

Test:

a = [1234, 0.12, 0.012, 0.062, 6253, 1999, -3.14, 0., -48.01, 0.75]
b = ['{:g}'.format(float('{:.1g}'.format(i))) for i in a]
# b == ['1000', '0.1', '0.01', '0.06', '6000', '2000', '-3', '0', '-50', '0.8']

Note: with this solution, it is not possible to adapt the number of significant figures dynamically from the input because there is no standard way to distinguish numbers with different numbers of trailing zeros (3.14 == 3.1400). If you need to do so, then non-standard functions like the ones provided in the to-precision package are needed.

I have created the package to-precision that does what you want. It allows you to give your numbers more or less significant figures.

It also outputs standard, scientific, and engineering notation with a specified number of significant figures.

In the accepted answer there is the line

>>> round_to_1(1234243)
1000000.0

That actually specifies 8 sig figs. For the number 1234243 my library only displays one significant figure:

>>> from to_precision import to_precision
>>> to_precision(1234243, 1, 'std')
'1000000'
>>> to_precision(1234243, 1, 'sci')
'1e6'
>>> to_precision(1234243, 1, 'eng')
'1e6'

It will also round the last significant figure and can automatically choose what notation to use if a notation isn’t specified:

>>> to_precision(599, 2)
'600'
>>> to_precision(1164, 2)
'1.2e3'

To round an integer to 1 significant figure the basic idea is to convert it to a floating point with 1 digit before the point and round that, then convert it back to its original integer size.

To do this we need to know the largest power of 10 less than the integer. We can use floor of the log 10 function for this.

from math import log10, floor
def round_int(i,places):
    if i == 0:
        return 0
    isign = i/abs(i)
    i = abs(i)
    if i < 1:
        return 0
    max10exp = floor(log10(i))
    if max10exp+1 < places:
        return i
    sig10pow = 10**(max10exp-places+1)
    floated = i*1.0/sig10pow
    defloated = round(floated)*sig10pow
    return int(defloated*isign)

To directly answer the question, here’s my version using naming from the R function:

import math

def signif(x, digits=6):
    if x == 0 or not math.isfinite(x):
        return x
    digits -= math.ceil(math.log10(abs(x)))
    return round(x, digits)

My main reason for posting this answer are the comments complaining that “0.075” rounds to 0.07 rather than 0.08. This is due, as pointed out by “Novice C”, to a combination of floating point arithmetic having both finite precision and a base-2 representation. The nearest number to 0.075 that can actually be represented is slightly smaller, hence rounding comes out differently than you might naively expect.

Also note that this applies to any use of non-decimal floating point arithmetic, e.g. C and Java both have the same issue.

To show in more detail, we ask Python to format the number in “hex” format:

0.075.hex()

which gives us: 0x1.3333333333333p-4. The reason for doing this is that the normal decimal representation often involves rounding and hence is not how the computer actually “sees” the number. If you’re not used to this format, a couple of useful references are the Python docs and the C standard.

To show how these numbers work a bit, we can get back to our starting point by doing:

0x13333333333333 / 16**13 * 2**-4

which should should print out 0.075. 16**13 is because there are 13 hexadecimal digits after the decimal point, and 2**-4 is because hex exponents are base-2.

Now we have some idea of how floats are represented we can use the decimal module to give us some more precision, showing us what’s going on:

from decimal import Decimal

Decimal(0x13333333333333) / 16**13 / 2**4

giving: 0.07499999999999999722444243844 and hopefully explaining why round(0.075, 2) evaluates to 0.07

def round_to_n(x, n):
    if not x: return 0
    power = -int(math.floor(math.log10(abs(x)))) + (n - 1)
    factor = (10 ** power)
    return round(x * factor) / factor

round_to_n(0.075, 1)      # 0.08
round_to_n(0, 1)          # 0
round_to_n(-1e15 - 1, 16) # 1000000000000001.0

Hopefully taking the best of all the answers above (minus being able to put it as a one line lambda ;) ). Haven’t explored yet, feel free to edit this answer:

round_to_n(1e15 + 1, 11)  # 999999999999999.9

I modified indgar’s solution to handle negative numbers and small numbers (including zero).

from math import log10, floor
def round_sig(x, sig=6, small_value=1.0e-9):
    return round(x, sig - int(floor(log10(max(abs(x), abs(small_value))))) - 1)

If you want to round without involving strings, the link I found buried in the comments above:

http://code.activestate.com/lists/python-tutor/70739/

strikes me as best. Then when you print with any string formatting descriptors, you get a reasonable output, and you can use the numeric representation for other calculation purposes.

The code at the link is a three liner: def, doc, and return. It has a bug: you need to check for exploding logarithms. That is easy. Compare the input to sys.float_info.min. The complete solution is:

import sys,math

def tidy(x, n):
"""Return 'x' rounded to 'n' significant digits."""
y=abs(x)
if y <= sys.float_info.min: return 0.0
return round( x, int( n-math.ceil(math.log10(y)) ) )

It works for any scalar numeric value, and n can be a float if you need to shift the response for some reason. You can actually push the limit to:

sys.float_info.min*sys.float_info.epsilon

without provoking an error, if for some reason you are working with miniscule values.

I can’t think of anything that would be able to handle this out of the box. But it’s fairly well handled for floating point numbers.

>>> round(1.2322, 2)
1.23

Integers are trickier. They’re not stored as base 10 in memory, so significant places isn’t a natural thing to do. It’s fairly trivial to implement once they’re a string though.

Or for integers:

>>> def intround(n, sigfigs):
...   n = str(n)
...   return n[:sigfigs] + ('0' * (len(n)-(sigfigs)))

>>> intround(1234, 1)
'1000'
>>> intround(1234, 2)

If you would like to create a function that handles any number, my preference would be to convert them both to strings and look for a decimal place to decide what to do:

>>> def roundall1(n, sigfigs):
...   n = str(n)
...   try:
...     sigfigs = n.index('.')
...   except ValueError:
...     pass
...   return intround(n, sigfigs)

Another option is to check for type. This will be far less flexible, and will probably not play nicely with other numbers such as Decimal objects:

>>> def roundall2(n, sigfigs):
...   if type(n) is int: return intround(n, sigfigs)
...   else: return round(n, sigfigs)

The posted answer was the best available when given, but it has a number of limitations and does not produce technically correct significant figures.

numpy.format_float_positional supports the desired behaviour directly. The following fragment returns the float x formatted to 4 significant figures, with scientific notation suppressed.

import numpy as np
x=12345.6
np.format_float_positional(x, precision=4, unique=False, fractional=False, trim='k')
> 12340.

I ran into this as well but I needed control over the rounding type. Thus, I wrote a quick function (see code below) that can take value, rounding type, and desired significant digits into account.

import decimal
from math import log10, floor

def myrounding(value , roundstyle='ROUND_HALF_UP',sig = 3):
    roundstyles = [ 'ROUND_05UP','ROUND_DOWN','ROUND_HALF_DOWN','ROUND_HALF_UP','ROUND_CEILING','ROUND_FLOOR','ROUND_HALF_EVEN','ROUND_UP']

    power =  -1 * floor(log10(abs(value)))
    value = '{0:f}'.format(value) #format value to string to prevent float conversion issues
    divided = Decimal(value) * (Decimal('10.0')**power) 
    roundto = Decimal('10.0')**(-sig+1)
    if roundstyle not in roundstyles:
        print('roundstyle must be in list:', roundstyles) ## Could thrown an exception here if you want.
    return_val = decimal.Decimal(divided).quantize(roundto,rounding=roundstyle)*(decimal.Decimal(10.0)**-power)
    nozero = ('{0:f}'.format(return_val)).rstrip('0').rstrip('.') # strips out trailing 0 and .
    return decimal.Decimal(nozero)


for x in list(map(float, '-1.234 1.2345 0.03 -90.25 90.34543 9123.3 111'.split())):
    print (x, 'rounded UP: ',myrounding(x,'ROUND_UP',3))
    print (x, 'rounded normal: ',myrounding(x,sig=3))

Using python 2.6+ new-style formatting (as %-style is deprecated):

>>> "{0}".format(float("{0:.1g}".format(1216)))
'1000.0'
>>> "{0}".format(float("{0:.1g}".format(0.00356)))
'0.004'

In python 2.7+ you can omit the leading 0s.

This function does a normal round if the number is bigger than 10**(-decimal_positions), otherwise adds more decimal until the number of meaningful decimal positions is reached:

def smart_round(x, decimal_positions):
    dp = - int(math.log10(abs(x))) if x != 0.0 else int(0)
    return round(float(x), decimal_positions + dp if dp > 0 else decimal_positions)

Hope it helps.

https://stackoverflow.com/users/1391441/gabriel, does the following address your concern about rnd(.075, 1)? Caveat: returns value as a float

def round_to_n(x, n):
    fmt = '{:1.' + str(n) + 'e}'    # gives 1.n figures
    p = fmt.format(x).split('e')    # get mantissa and exponent
                                    # round "extra" figure off mantissa
    p[0] = str(round(float(p[0]) * 10**(n-1)) / 10**(n-1))
    return float(p[0] + 'e' + p[1]) # convert str to float

>>> round_to_n(750, 2)
750.0
>>> round_to_n(750, 1)
800.0
>>> round_to_n(.0750, 2)
0.075
>>> round_to_n(.0750, 1)
0.08
>>> math.pi
3.141592653589793
>>> round_to_n(math.pi, 7)
3.141593

This returns a string, so that results without fractional parts, and small values which would otherwise appear in E notation are shown correctly:

def sigfig(x, num_sigfig):
    num_decplace = num_sigfig - int(math.floor(math.log10(abs(x)))) - 1
    return '%.*f' % (num_decplace, round(x, num_decplace))

Given a question so thoroughly answered why not add another

This suits my aesthetic a little better, though many of the above are comparable

import numpy as np

number=-456.789
significantFigures=4

roundingFactor=significantFigures - int(np.floor(np.log10(np.abs(number)))) - 1
rounded=np.round(number, roundingFactor)

string=rounded.astype(str)

print(string)

This works for individual numbers and numpy arrays, and should function fine for negative numbers.

There’s one additional step we might add – np.round() returns a decimal number even if rounded is an integer (i.e. for significantFigures=2 we might expect to get back -460 but instead we get -460.0). We can add this step to correct for that:

if roundingFactor<=0:
    rounded=rounded.astype(int)

Unfortunately, this final step won’t work for an array of numbers – I’ll leave that to you dear reader to figure out if you need.

The sigfig package/library covers this. After installing you can do the following:

>>> from sigfig import round
>>> round(1234, 1)
1000
>>> round(0.12, 1)
0.1
>>> round(0.012, 1)
0.01
>>> round(0.062, 1)
0.06
>>> round(6253, 1)
6000
>>> round(1999, 1)
2000

import math

  def sig_dig(x, n_sig_dig):
      num_of_digits = len(str(x).replace(".", ""))
      if n_sig_dig >= num_of_digits:
          return x
      n = math.floor(math.log10(x) + 1 - n_sig_dig)
      result = round(10 ** -n * x) * 10 ** n
      return float(str(result)[: n_sig_dig + 1])


    >>> sig_dig(1234243, 3)
    >>> sig_dig(243.3576, 5)

        1230.0
        243.36