部分字符串格式

问题:部分字符串格式

是否可以使用类似于字符串模板safe_substitute()功能的高级字符串格式化方法来进行部分字符串格式化?

例如:

s = '{foo} {bar}'
s.format(foo='FOO') #Problem: raises KeyError 'bar'

Is it possible to do partial string formatting with the advanced string formatting methods, similar to the string template safe_substitute() function?

For example:

s = '{foo} {bar}'
s.format(foo='FOO') #Problem: raises KeyError 'bar'

回答 0

您可以通过覆盖映射将其欺骗为部分格式:

import string

class FormatDict(dict):
    def __missing__(self, key):
        return "{" + key + "}"

s = '{foo} {bar}'
formatter = string.Formatter()
mapping = FormatDict(foo='FOO')
print(formatter.vformat(s, (), mapping))

印刷

FOO {bar}

当然,此基本实现仅适用于基本情况。

You can trick it into partial formatting by overwriting the mapping:

import string

class FormatDict(dict):
    def __missing__(self, key):
        return "{" + key + "}"

s = '{foo} {bar}'
formatter = string.Formatter()
mapping = FormatDict(foo='FOO')
print(formatter.vformat(s, (), mapping))

printing

FOO {bar}

Of course this basic implementation only works correctly for basic cases.


回答 1

如果您知道要格式化的顺序:

s = '{foo} {{bar}}'

像这样使用它:

ss = s.format(foo='FOO') 
print ss 
>>> 'FOO {bar}'

print ss.format(bar='BAR')
>>> 'FOO BAR'

您不能指定foo,并bar在同一时间-你必须按顺序做。

If you know in what order you’re formatting things:

s = '{foo} {{bar}}'

Use it like this:

ss = s.format(foo='FOO') 
print ss 
>>> 'FOO {bar}'

print ss.format(bar='BAR')
>>> 'FOO BAR'

You can’t specify foo and bar at the same time – you have to do it sequentially.


回答 2

您可以使用简短易读的partial函数functools,并描述编码器的意图:

from functools import partial

s = partial("{foo} {bar}".format, foo="FOO")
print s(bar="BAR")
# FOO BAR

You could use the partial function from functools which is short, most readable and also describes the coder’s intention:

from functools import partial

s = partial("{foo} {bar}".format, foo="FOO")
print s(bar="BAR")
# FOO BAR

回答 3

这种局限性.format()-无法进行部分替换-使我烦恼。

在评估了编写一个自定义Formatter类(如此处许多答案所述)之后,甚至考虑使用第三方包(例如lazy_format),我发现了一个更简单的内置解决方案:模板字符串

它提供了相似的功能,但也提供了部分替代彻底的safe_substitute()方法。模板字符串需要有一个$前缀(感觉有些奇怪-但我认为总体解决方案更好)。

import string
template = string.Template('${x} ${y}')
try:
  template.substitute({'x':1}) # raises KeyError
except KeyError:
  pass

# but the following raises no error
partial_str = template.safe_substitute({'x':1}) # no error

# partial_str now contains a string with partial substitution
partial_template = string.Template(partial_str)
substituted_str = partial_template.safe_substitute({'y':2}) # no error
print substituted_str # prints '12'

基于此形成了一个便捷包装器:

class StringTemplate(object):
    def __init__(self, template):
        self.template = string.Template(template)
        self.partial_substituted_str = None

    def __repr__(self):
        return self.template.safe_substitute()

    def format(self, *args, **kws):
        self.partial_substituted_str = self.template.safe_substitute(*args, **kws)
        self.template = string.Template(self.partial_substituted_str)
        return self.__repr__()


>>> s = StringTemplate('${x}${y}')
>>> s
'${x}${y}'
>>> s.format(x=1)
'1${y}'
>>> s.format({'y':2})
'12'
>>> print s
12

同样,基于Sven的答案的包装器使用默认的字符串格式:

class StringTemplate(object):
    class FormatDict(dict):
        def __missing__(self, key):
            return "{" + key + "}"

    def __init__(self, template):
        self.substituted_str = template
        self.formatter = string.Formatter()

    def __repr__(self):
        return self.substituted_str

    def format(self, *args, **kwargs):
        mapping = StringTemplate.FormatDict(*args, **kwargs)
        self.substituted_str = self.formatter.vformat(self.substituted_str, (), mapping)

This limitation of .format() – the inability to do partial substitutions – has been bugging me.

After evaluating writing a custom Formatter class as described in many answers here and even considering using third-party packages such as lazy_format, I discovered a much simpler inbuilt solution: Template strings

It provides similar functionality but also provides partial substitution thorough safe_substitute() method. The template strings need to have a $ prefix (which feels a bit weird – but the overall solution I think is better).

import string
template = string.Template('${x} ${y}')
try:
  template.substitute({'x':1}) # raises KeyError
except KeyError:
  pass

# but the following raises no error
partial_str = template.safe_substitute({'x':1}) # no error

# partial_str now contains a string with partial substitution
partial_template = string.Template(partial_str)
substituted_str = partial_template.safe_substitute({'y':2}) # no error
print substituted_str # prints '12'

Formed a convenience wrapper based on this:

class StringTemplate(object):
    def __init__(self, template):
        self.template = string.Template(template)
        self.partial_substituted_str = None

    def __repr__(self):
        return self.template.safe_substitute()

    def format(self, *args, **kws):
        self.partial_substituted_str = self.template.safe_substitute(*args, **kws)
        self.template = string.Template(self.partial_substituted_str)
        return self.__repr__()


>>> s = StringTemplate('${x}${y}')
>>> s
'${x}${y}'
>>> s.format(x=1)
'1${y}'
>>> s.format({'y':2})
'12'
>>> print s
12

Similarly a wrapper based on Sven’s answer which uses the default string formatting:

class StringTemplate(object):
    class FormatDict(dict):
        def __missing__(self, key):
            return "{" + key + "}"

    def __init__(self, template):
        self.substituted_str = template
        self.formatter = string.Formatter()

    def __repr__(self):
        return self.substituted_str

    def format(self, *args, **kwargs):
        mapping = StringTemplate.FormatDict(*args, **kwargs)
        self.substituted_str = self.formatter.vformat(self.substituted_str, (), mapping)

回答 4

不知道这是否可以作为一种快速的解决方法,但是如何解决

s = '{foo} {bar}'
s.format(foo='FOO', bar='{bar}')

?:)

Not sure if this is ok as a quick workaround, but how about

s = '{foo} {bar}'
s.format(foo='FOO', bar='{bar}')

? :)


回答 5

如果您定义自己Formatterget_value方法,则可以使用该方法将未定义的字段名称映射到所需的任何内容:

http://docs.python.org/library/string.html#string.Formatter.get_value

例如,您可以映射bar"{bar}"如果bar不在kwargs中。

但是,这需要使用format()Formatter对象的format()方法,而不是字符串的方法。

If you define your own Formatter which overrides the get_value method, you could use that to map undefined field names to whatever you wanted:

http://docs.python.org/library/string.html#string.Formatter.get_value

For instance, you could map bar to "{bar}" if bar isn’t in the kwargs.

However, that requires using the format() method of your Formatter object, not the string’s format() method.


回答 6

>>> 'fd:{uid}:{{topic_id}}'.format(uid=123)
'fd:123:{topic_id}'

试试看

>>> 'fd:{uid}:{{topic_id}}'.format(uid=123)
'fd:123:{topic_id}'

Try this out.


回答 7

感谢Amber的评论,我想到了这一点:

import string

try:
    # Python 3
    from _string import formatter_field_name_split
except ImportError:
    formatter_field_name_split = str._formatter_field_name_split


class PartialFormatter(string.Formatter):
    def get_field(self, field_name, args, kwargs):
        try:
            val = super(PartialFormatter, self).get_field(field_name, args, kwargs)
        except (IndexError, KeyError, AttributeError):
            first, _ = formatter_field_name_split(field_name)
            val = '{' + field_name + '}', first
        return val

Thanks to Amber‘s comment, I came up with this:

import string

try:
    # Python 3
    from _string import formatter_field_name_split
except ImportError:
    formatter_field_name_split = str._formatter_field_name_split


class PartialFormatter(string.Formatter):
    def get_field(self, field_name, args, kwargs):
        try:
            val = super(PartialFormatter, self).get_field(field_name, args, kwargs)
        except (IndexError, KeyError, AttributeError):
            first, _ = formatter_field_name_split(field_name)
            val = '{' + field_name + '}', first
        return val

回答 8

对我来说这已经足够了:

>>> ss = 'dfassf {} dfasfae efaef {} fds'
>>> nn = ss.format('f1', '{}')
>>> nn
'dfassf f1 dfasfae efaef {} fds'
>>> n2 = nn.format('whoa')
>>> n2
'dfassf f1 dfasfae efaef whoa fds'

For me this was good enough:

>>> ss = 'dfassf {} dfasfae efaef {} fds'
>>> nn = ss.format('f1', '{}')
>>> nn
'dfassf f1 dfasfae efaef {} fds'
>>> n2 = nn.format('whoa')
>>> n2
'dfassf f1 dfasfae efaef whoa fds'

回答 9

我发现的所有解决方案似乎在使用更高级的规格或转换选项方面均存在问题。@SvenMarnach的FormatPlaceholder非常聪明,但是它不能与强制(例如{a!s:>2s})一起正常使用,因为它调用了__str__方法(在此示例中),而不是调用该方法,__format__并且您丢失了任何其他格式。

这是我最终得到的结果,以及其中的一些关键功能:

sformat('The {} is {}', 'answer')
'The answer is {}'

sformat('The answer to {question!r} is {answer:0.2f}', answer=42)
'The answer to {question!r} is 42.00'

sformat('The {} to {} is {:0.{p}f}', 'answer', 'everything', p=4)
'The answer to everything is {:0.4f}'
  • 提供类似的界面str.format(不只是映射)
  • 支持更复杂的格式选项:
    • 强迫 {k!s} {!r}
    • 套料 {k:>{size}}
    • getattr {k.foo}
    • getitem {k[0]}
    • 强制+格式 {k!s:>{size}}
import string


class SparseFormatter(string.Formatter):
    """
    A modified string formatter that handles a sparse set of format
    args/kwargs.
    """

    # re-implemented this method for python2/3 compatibility
    def vformat(self, format_string, args, kwargs):
        used_args = set()
        result, _ = self._vformat(format_string, args, kwargs, used_args, 2)
        self.check_unused_args(used_args, args, kwargs)
        return result

    def _vformat(self, format_string, args, kwargs, used_args, recursion_depth,
                 auto_arg_index=0):
        if recursion_depth < 0:
            raise ValueError('Max string recursion exceeded')
        result = []
        for literal_text, field_name, format_spec, conversion in \
                self.parse(format_string):

            orig_field_name = field_name

            # output the literal text
            if literal_text:
                result.append(literal_text)

            # if there's a field, output it
            if field_name is not None:
                # this is some markup, find the object and do
                #  the formatting

                # handle arg indexing when empty field_names are given.
                if field_name == '':
                    if auto_arg_index is False:
                        raise ValueError('cannot switch from manual field '
                                         'specification to automatic field '
                                         'numbering')
                    field_name = str(auto_arg_index)
                    auto_arg_index += 1
                elif field_name.isdigit():
                    if auto_arg_index:
                        raise ValueError('cannot switch from manual field '
                                         'specification to automatic field '
                                         'numbering')
                    # disable auto arg incrementing, if it gets
                    # used later on, then an exception will be raised
                    auto_arg_index = False

                # given the field_name, find the object it references
                #  and the argument it came from
                try:
                    obj, arg_used = self.get_field(field_name, args, kwargs)
                except (IndexError, KeyError):
                    # catch issues with both arg indexing and kwarg key errors
                    obj = orig_field_name
                    if conversion:
                        obj += '!{}'.format(conversion)
                    if format_spec:
                        format_spec, auto_arg_index = self._vformat(
                            format_spec, args, kwargs, used_args,
                            recursion_depth, auto_arg_index=auto_arg_index)
                        obj += ':{}'.format(format_spec)
                    result.append('{' + obj + '}')
                else:
                    used_args.add(arg_used)

                    # do any conversion on the resulting object
                    obj = self.convert_field(obj, conversion)

                    # expand the format spec, if needed
                    format_spec, auto_arg_index = self._vformat(
                        format_spec, args, kwargs,
                        used_args, recursion_depth-1,
                        auto_arg_index=auto_arg_index)

                    # format the object and append to the result
                    result.append(self.format_field(obj, format_spec))

        return ''.join(result), auto_arg_index


def sformat(s, *args, **kwargs):
    # type: (str, *Any, **Any) -> str
    """
    Sparse format a string.

    Parameters
    ----------
    s : str
    args : *Any
    kwargs : **Any

    Examples
    --------
    >>> sformat('The {} is {}', 'answer')
    'The answer is {}'

    >>> sformat('The answer to {question!r} is {answer:0.2f}', answer=42)
    'The answer to {question!r} is 42.00'

    >>> sformat('The {} to {} is {:0.{p}f}', 'answer', 'everything', p=4)
    'The answer to everything is {:0.4f}'

    Returns
    -------
    str
    """
    return SparseFormatter().format(s, *args, **kwargs)

在编写了一些有关如何使此方法运行的测试之后,我发现了各种实现的问题。如果有人发现他们有见识,它们就会在下面。

import pytest


def test_auto_indexing():
    # test basic arg auto-indexing
    assert sformat('{}{}', 4, 2) == '42'
    assert sformat('{}{} {}', 4, 2) == '42 {}'


def test_manual_indexing():
    # test basic arg indexing
    assert sformat('{0}{1} is not {1} or {0}', 4, 2) == '42 is not 2 or 4'
    assert sformat('{0}{1} is {3} {1} or {0}', 4, 2) == '42 is {3} 2 or 4'


def test_mixing_manualauto_fails():
    # test mixing manual and auto args raises
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        assert sformat('{!r} is {0}{1}', 4, 2)


def test_kwargs():
    # test basic kwarg
    assert sformat('{base}{n}', base=4, n=2) == '42'
    assert sformat('{base}{n}', base=4, n=2, extra='foo') == '42'
    assert sformat('{base}{n} {key}', base=4, n=2) == '42 {key}'


def test_args_and_kwargs():
    # test mixing args/kwargs with leftovers
    assert sformat('{}{k} {v}', 4, k=2) == '42 {v}'

    # test mixing with leftovers
    r = sformat('{}{} is the {k} to {!r}', 4, 2, k='answer')
    assert r == '42 is the answer to {!r}'


def test_coercion():
    # test coercion is preserved for skipped elements
    assert sformat('{!r} {k!r}', '42') == "'42' {k!r}"


def test_nesting():
    # test nesting works with or with out parent keys
    assert sformat('{k:>{size}}', k=42, size=3) == ' 42'
    assert sformat('{k:>{size}}', size=3) == '{k:>3}'


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    ('s', 'expected'),
    [
        ('{a} {b}', '1 2.0'),
        ('{z} {y}', '{z} {y}'),
        ('{a} {a:2d} {a:04d} {y:2d} {z:04d}', '1  1 0001 {y:2d} {z:04d}'),
        ('{a!s} {z!s} {d!r}', '1 {z!s} {\'k\': \'v\'}'),
        ('{a!s:>2s} {z!s:>2s}', ' 1 {z!s:>2s}'),
        ('{a!s:>{a}s} {z!s:>{z}s}', '1 {z!s:>{z}s}'),
        ('{a.imag} {z.y}', '0 {z.y}'),
        ('{e[0]:03d} {z[0]:03d}', '042 {z[0]:03d}'),
    ],
    ids=[
        'normal',
        'none',
        'formatting',
        'coercion',
        'formatting+coercion',
        'nesting',
        'getattr',
        'getitem',
    ]
)
def test_sformat(s, expected):
    # test a bunch of random stuff
    data = dict(
        a=1,
        b=2.0,
        c='3',
        d={'k': 'v'},
        e=[42],
    )
    assert expected == sformat(s, **data)

All the solutions I’ve found seemed to have issues with more advanced spec or conversion options. @SvenMarnach’s FormatPlaceholder is wonderfully clever but it doesn’t work properly with coercion (e.g. {a!s:>2s}) because it calls the __str__ method (in this example) instead of __format__ and you lose any additional formatting.

Here’s what I ended up with and some of it’s key features:

sformat('The {} is {}', 'answer')
'The answer is {}'

sformat('The answer to {question!r} is {answer:0.2f}', answer=42)
'The answer to {question!r} is 42.00'

sformat('The {} to {} is {:0.{p}f}', 'answer', 'everything', p=4)
'The answer to everything is {:0.4f}'
  • provides similar interface as str.format (not just a mapping)
  • supports more complex formatting options:
    • coercion {k!s} {!r}
    • nesting {k:>{size}}
    • getattr {k.foo}
    • getitem {k[0]}
    • coercion+formatting {k!s:>{size}}
import string


class SparseFormatter(string.Formatter):
    """
    A modified string formatter that handles a sparse set of format
    args/kwargs.
    """

    # re-implemented this method for python2/3 compatibility
    def vformat(self, format_string, args, kwargs):
        used_args = set()
        result, _ = self._vformat(format_string, args, kwargs, used_args, 2)
        self.check_unused_args(used_args, args, kwargs)
        return result

    def _vformat(self, format_string, args, kwargs, used_args, recursion_depth,
                 auto_arg_index=0):
        if recursion_depth < 0:
            raise ValueError('Max string recursion exceeded')
        result = []
        for literal_text, field_name, format_spec, conversion in \
                self.parse(format_string):

            orig_field_name = field_name

            # output the literal text
            if literal_text:
                result.append(literal_text)

            # if there's a field, output it
            if field_name is not None:
                # this is some markup, find the object and do
                #  the formatting

                # handle arg indexing when empty field_names are given.
                if field_name == '':
                    if auto_arg_index is False:
                        raise ValueError('cannot switch from manual field '
                                         'specification to automatic field '
                                         'numbering')
                    field_name = str(auto_arg_index)
                    auto_arg_index += 1
                elif field_name.isdigit():
                    if auto_arg_index:
                        raise ValueError('cannot switch from manual field '
                                         'specification to automatic field '
                                         'numbering')
                    # disable auto arg incrementing, if it gets
                    # used later on, then an exception will be raised
                    auto_arg_index = False

                # given the field_name, find the object it references
                #  and the argument it came from
                try:
                    obj, arg_used = self.get_field(field_name, args, kwargs)
                except (IndexError, KeyError):
                    # catch issues with both arg indexing and kwarg key errors
                    obj = orig_field_name
                    if conversion:
                        obj += '!{}'.format(conversion)
                    if format_spec:
                        format_spec, auto_arg_index = self._vformat(
                            format_spec, args, kwargs, used_args,
                            recursion_depth, auto_arg_index=auto_arg_index)
                        obj += ':{}'.format(format_spec)
                    result.append('{' + obj + '}')
                else:
                    used_args.add(arg_used)

                    # do any conversion on the resulting object
                    obj = self.convert_field(obj, conversion)

                    # expand the format spec, if needed
                    format_spec, auto_arg_index = self._vformat(
                        format_spec, args, kwargs,
                        used_args, recursion_depth-1,
                        auto_arg_index=auto_arg_index)

                    # format the object and append to the result
                    result.append(self.format_field(obj, format_spec))

        return ''.join(result), auto_arg_index


def sformat(s, *args, **kwargs):
    # type: (str, *Any, **Any) -> str
    """
    Sparse format a string.

    Parameters
    ----------
    s : str
    args : *Any
    kwargs : **Any

    Examples
    --------
    >>> sformat('The {} is {}', 'answer')
    'The answer is {}'

    >>> sformat('The answer to {question!r} is {answer:0.2f}', answer=42)
    'The answer to {question!r} is 42.00'

    >>> sformat('The {} to {} is {:0.{p}f}', 'answer', 'everything', p=4)
    'The answer to everything is {:0.4f}'

    Returns
    -------
    str
    """
    return SparseFormatter().format(s, *args, **kwargs)

I discovered the issues with the various implementations after writing some tests on how I wanted this method to behave. They’re below if anyone finds them insightful.

import pytest


def test_auto_indexing():
    # test basic arg auto-indexing
    assert sformat('{}{}', 4, 2) == '42'
    assert sformat('{}{} {}', 4, 2) == '42 {}'


def test_manual_indexing():
    # test basic arg indexing
    assert sformat('{0}{1} is not {1} or {0}', 4, 2) == '42 is not 2 or 4'
    assert sformat('{0}{1} is {3} {1} or {0}', 4, 2) == '42 is {3} 2 or 4'


def test_mixing_manualauto_fails():
    # test mixing manual and auto args raises
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        assert sformat('{!r} is {0}{1}', 4, 2)


def test_kwargs():
    # test basic kwarg
    assert sformat('{base}{n}', base=4, n=2) == '42'
    assert sformat('{base}{n}', base=4, n=2, extra='foo') == '42'
    assert sformat('{base}{n} {key}', base=4, n=2) == '42 {key}'


def test_args_and_kwargs():
    # test mixing args/kwargs with leftovers
    assert sformat('{}{k} {v}', 4, k=2) == '42 {v}'

    # test mixing with leftovers
    r = sformat('{}{} is the {k} to {!r}', 4, 2, k='answer')
    assert r == '42 is the answer to {!r}'


def test_coercion():
    # test coercion is preserved for skipped elements
    assert sformat('{!r} {k!r}', '42') == "'42' {k!r}"


def test_nesting():
    # test nesting works with or with out parent keys
    assert sformat('{k:>{size}}', k=42, size=3) == ' 42'
    assert sformat('{k:>{size}}', size=3) == '{k:>3}'


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    ('s', 'expected'),
    [
        ('{a} {b}', '1 2.0'),
        ('{z} {y}', '{z} {y}'),
        ('{a} {a:2d} {a:04d} {y:2d} {z:04d}', '1  1 0001 {y:2d} {z:04d}'),
        ('{a!s} {z!s} {d!r}', '1 {z!s} {\'k\': \'v\'}'),
        ('{a!s:>2s} {z!s:>2s}', ' 1 {z!s:>2s}'),
        ('{a!s:>{a}s} {z!s:>{z}s}', '1 {z!s:>{z}s}'),
        ('{a.imag} {z.y}', '0 {z.y}'),
        ('{e[0]:03d} {z[0]:03d}', '042 {z[0]:03d}'),
    ],
    ids=[
        'normal',
        'none',
        'formatting',
        'coercion',
        'formatting+coercion',
        'nesting',
        'getattr',
        'getitem',
    ]
)
def test_sformat(s, expected):
    # test a bunch of random stuff
    data = dict(
        a=1,
        b=2.0,
        c='3',
        d={'k': 'v'},
        e=[42],
    )
    assert expected == sformat(s, **data)

回答 10

我的建议如下(使用Python3.6测试):

class Lazymap(object):
       def __init__(self, **kwargs):
           self.dict = kwargs

       def __getitem__(self, key):
           return self.dict.get(key, "".join(["{", key, "}"]))


s = '{foo} {bar}'

s.format_map(Lazymap(bar="FOO"))
# >>> '{foo} FOO'

s.format_map(Lazymap(bar="BAR"))
# >>> '{foo} BAR'

s.format_map(Lazymap(bar="BAR", foo="FOO", baz="BAZ"))
# >>> 'FOO BAR'

更新:此处显示了 更优雅的方式(子类化dict和重载__missing__(self, key)):https : //stackoverflow.com/a/17215533/333403

My suggestion would be the following (tested with Python3.6):

class Lazymap(object):
       def __init__(self, **kwargs):
           self.dict = kwargs

       def __getitem__(self, key):
           return self.dict.get(key, "".join(["{", key, "}"]))


s = '{foo} {bar}'

s.format_map(Lazymap(bar="FOO"))
# >>> '{foo} FOO'

s.format_map(Lazymap(bar="BAR"))
# >>> '{foo} BAR'

s.format_map(Lazymap(bar="BAR", foo="FOO", baz="BAZ"))
# >>> 'FOO BAR'

Update: An even more elegant way (subclassing dict and overloading __missing__(self, key)) is shown here: https://stackoverflow.com/a/17215533/333403


回答 11

假设在字符串完全填写之前不使用它,您可以执行类似此类的操作:

class IncrementalFormatting:
    def __init__(self, string):
        self._args = []
        self._kwargs = {}
        self._string = string

    def add(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self._args.extend(args)
        self._kwargs.update(kwargs)

    def get(self):
        return self._string.format(*self._args, **self._kwargs)

例:

template = '#{a}:{}/{}?{c}'
message = IncrementalFormatting(template)
message.add('abc')
message.add('xyz', a=24)
message.add(c='lmno')
assert message.get() == '#24:abc/xyz?lmno'

Assuming you won’t use the string until it’s completely filled out, you could do something like this class:

class IncrementalFormatting:
    def __init__(self, string):
        self._args = []
        self._kwargs = {}
        self._string = string

    def add(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self._args.extend(args)
        self._kwargs.update(kwargs)

    def get(self):
        return self._string.format(*self._args, **self._kwargs)

Example:

template = '#{a}:{}/{}?{c}'
message = IncrementalFormatting(template)
message.add('abc')
message.add('xyz', a=24)
message.add(c='lmno')
assert message.get() == '#24:abc/xyz?lmno'

回答 12

还有另一种方法可以实现这一目标,即使用format%替换变量。例如:

>>> s = '{foo} %(bar)s'
>>> s = s.format(foo='my_foo')
>>> s
'my_foo %(bar)s'
>>> s % {'bar': 'my_bar'}
'my_foo my_bar'

There is one more way to achieve this i.e by using format and % to replace variables. For example:

>>> s = '{foo} %(bar)s'
>>> s = s.format(foo='my_foo')
>>> s
'my_foo %(bar)s'
>>> s % {'bar': 'my_bar'}
'my_foo my_bar'

回答 13

对我来说,一个非常丑陋但最简单的解决方案是:

tmpl = '{foo}, {bar}'
tmpl.replace('{bar}', 'BAR')
Out[3]: '{foo}, BAR'

这样,您仍然可以tmpl用作常规模板并仅在需要时执行部分格式化。我觉得这个问题太微不足道了,无法使用像Mohan Raj’s这样的过分解决方案。

A very ugly but the simplest solution for me is to just do:

tmpl = '{foo}, {bar}'
tmpl.replace('{bar}', 'BAR')
Out[3]: '{foo}, BAR'

This way you still can use tmpl as regular template and perform partial formatting only when needed. I find this problem too trivial to use a overkilling solution like Mohan Raj’s.


回答 14

测试从最有前途的解决方案后,在这里那里,我认识到,没有一个是满足下列要求:

  1. 严格遵守str.format_map()模板可识别的语法;
  2. 能够保留复杂的格式,即完全支持Format Mini-Language

因此,我编写了自己的解决方案,该解决方案可以满足上述要求。(编辑:现在@SvenMarnach的版本-如这个答案所报道-似乎处理了我需要的一些特殊情况)。

基本上,我最终解析了模板字符串,找到了匹配的嵌套{.*?}组(使用find_all()辅助函数),并逐步并直接使用格式化的字符串,str.format_map()同时捕捉了任何潜在的可能性KeyError

def find_all(
        text,
        pattern,
        overlap=False):
    """
    Find all occurrencies of the pattern in the text.

    Args:
        text (str|bytes|bytearray): The input text.
        pattern (str|bytes|bytearray): The pattern to find.
        overlap (bool): Detect overlapping patterns.

    Yields:
        position (int): The position of the next finding.
    """
    len_text = len(text)
    offset = 1 if overlap else (len(pattern) or 1)
    i = 0
    while i < len_text:
        i = text.find(pattern, i)
        if i >= 0:
            yield i
            i += offset
        else:
            break
def matching_delimiters(
        text,
        l_delim,
        r_delim,
        including=True):
    """
    Find matching delimiters in a sequence.

    The delimiters are matched according to nesting level.

    Args:
        text (str|bytes|bytearray): The input text.
        l_delim (str|bytes|bytearray): The left delimiter.
        r_delim (str|bytes|bytearray): The right delimiter.
        including (bool): Include delimeters.

    yields:
        result (tuple[int]): The matching delimiters.
    """
    l_offset = len(l_delim) if including else 0
    r_offset = len(r_delim) if including else 0
    stack = []

    l_tokens = set(find_all(text, l_delim))
    r_tokens = set(find_all(text, r_delim))
    positions = l_tokens.union(r_tokens)
    for pos in sorted(positions):
        if pos in l_tokens:
            stack.append(pos + 1)
        elif pos in r_tokens:
            if len(stack) > 0:
                prev = stack.pop()
                yield (prev - l_offset, pos + r_offset, len(stack))
            else:
                raise ValueError(
                    'Found `{}` unmatched right token(s) `{}` (position: {}).'
                        .format(len(r_tokens) - len(l_tokens), r_delim, pos))
    if len(stack) > 0:
        raise ValueError(
            'Found `{}` unmatched left token(s) `{}` (position: {}).'
                .format(
                len(l_tokens) - len(r_tokens), l_delim, stack.pop() - 1))
def safe_format_map(
        text,
        source):
    """
    Perform safe string formatting from a mapping source.

    If a value is missing from source, this is simply ignored, and no
    `KeyError` is raised.

    Args:
        text (str): Text to format.
        source (Mapping|None): The mapping to use as source.
            If None, uses caller's `vars()`.

    Returns:
        result (str): The formatted text.
    """
    stack = []
    for i, j, depth in matching_delimiters(text, '{', '}'):
        if depth == 0:
            try:
                replacing = text[i:j].format_map(source)
            except KeyError:
                pass
            else:
                stack.append((i, j, replacing))
    result = ''
    i, j = len(text), 0
    while len(stack) > 0:
        last_i = i
        i, j, replacing = stack.pop()
        result = replacing + text[j:last_i] + result
    if i > 0:
        result = text[0:i] + result
    return result

(此代码也可在FlyingCircus中使用 -免责声明:我是它的主要作者。)


该代码的用法是:

print(safe_format_map('{a} {b} {c}', dict(a=-A-)))
# -A- {b} {c}

让我们比较这对我最喜欢的溶液(@SvenMarnach谁亲切地分享他的代码在这里那里):

import string


class FormatPlaceholder:
    def __init__(self, key):
        self.key = key
    def __format__(self, spec):
        result = self.key
        if spec:
            result += ":" + spec
        return "{" + result + "}"
    def __getitem__(self, index):
        self.key = "{}[{}]".format(self.key, index)
        return self
    def __getattr__(self, attr):
        self.key = "{}.{}".format(self.key, attr)
        return self


class FormatDict(dict):
    def __missing__(self, key):
        return FormatPlaceholder(key)


def safe_format_alt(text, source):
    formatter = string.Formatter()
    return formatter.vformat(text, (), FormatDict(source))

以下是一些测试:

test_texts = (
    '{b} {f}',  # simple nothing useful in source
    '{a} {b}',  # simple
    '{a} {b} {c:5d}',  # formatting
    '{a} {b} {c!s}',  # coercion
    '{a} {b} {c!s:>{a}s}',  # formatting and coercion
    '{a} {b} {c:0{a}d}',  # nesting
    '{a} {b} {d[x]}',  # dicts (existing in source)
    '{a} {b} {e.index}',  # class (existing in source)
    '{a} {b} {f[g]}',  # dict (not existing in source)
    '{a} {b} {f.values}',  # class (not existing in source)

)
source = dict(a=4, c=101, d=dict(x='FOO'), e=[])

以及使其运行的代码:

funcs = safe_format_map, safe_format_alt

n = 18
for text in test_texts:
    full_source = {**dict(b='---', f=dict(g='Oh yes!')), **source}
    print('{:>{n}s} :   OK   : '.format('str.format_map', n=n) + text.format_map(full_source))
    for func in funcs:
        try:
            print(f'{func.__name__:>{n}s} :   OK   : ' + func(text, source))
        except:
            print(f'{func.__name__:>{n}s} : FAILED : {text}')

导致:

    str.format_map :   OK   : --- {'g': 'Oh yes!'}
   safe_format_map :   OK   : {b} {f}
   safe_format_alt :   OK   : {b} {f}
    str.format_map :   OK   : 4 ---
   safe_format_map :   OK   : 4 {b}
   safe_format_alt :   OK   : 4 {b}
    str.format_map :   OK   : 4 ---   101
   safe_format_map :   OK   : 4 {b}   101
   safe_format_alt :   OK   : 4 {b}   101
    str.format_map :   OK   : 4 --- 101
   safe_format_map :   OK   : 4 {b} 101
   safe_format_alt :   OK   : 4 {b} 101
    str.format_map :   OK   : 4 ---  101
   safe_format_map :   OK   : 4 {b}  101
   safe_format_alt :   OK   : 4 {b}  101
    str.format_map :   OK   : 4 --- 0101
   safe_format_map :   OK   : 4 {b} 0101
   safe_format_alt :   OK   : 4 {b} 0101
    str.format_map :   OK   : 4 --- FOO
   safe_format_map :   OK   : 4 {b} FOO
   safe_format_alt :   OK   : 4 {b} FOO
    str.format_map :   OK   : 4 --- <built-in method index of list object at 0x7f7a485666c8>
   safe_format_map :   OK   : 4 {b} <built-in method index of list object at 0x7f7a485666c8>
   safe_format_alt :   OK   : 4 {b} <built-in method index of list object at 0x7f7a485666c8>
    str.format_map :   OK   : 4 --- Oh yes!
   safe_format_map :   OK   : 4 {b} {f[g]}
   safe_format_alt :   OK   : 4 {b} {f[g]}
    str.format_map :   OK   : 4 --- <built-in method values of dict object at 0x7f7a485da090>
   safe_format_map :   OK   : 4 {b} {f.values}
   safe_format_alt :   OK   : 4 {b} {f.values}

如您所见,更新的版本现在似乎可以很好地处理早期版本曾经失败的情况。


在时间上,它们在大约范围内。彼此之间的50%取决于实际text格式化的格式(可能还有实际的格式source),但safe_format_map()在我执行的大多数测试中似乎都具有优势(当然,无论它们是什么意思):

for text in test_texts:
    print(f'  {text}')
    %timeit safe_format(text * 1000, source)
    %timeit safe_format_alt(text * 1000, source)
  {b} {f}
3.93 ms ± 153 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
6.35 ms ± 51.9 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
  {a} {b}
4.37 ms ± 57.1 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
5.2 ms ± 159 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
  {a} {b} {c:5d}
7.15 ms ± 91.9 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
7.76 ms ± 69.5 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
  {a} {b} {c!s}
7.04 ms ± 138 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
7.56 ms ± 161 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
  {a} {b} {c!s:>{a}s}
8.91 ms ± 113 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
10.5 ms ± 181 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
  {a} {b} {c:0{a}d}
8.84 ms ± 147 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
10.2 ms ± 202 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
  {a} {b} {d[x]}
7.01 ms ± 197 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
7.35 ms ± 106 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
  {a} {b} {e.index}
11 ms ± 68.8 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
8.78 ms ± 405 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
  {a} {b} {f[g]}
6.55 ms ± 88.6 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
9.12 ms ± 159 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
  {a} {b} {f.values}
6.61 ms ± 55.9 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
9.92 ms ± 98.8 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)

After testing the most promising solutions from here and there, I realized that none of them really met the following requirements:

  1. strictly adhere to the syntax recognized by str.format_map() for the template;
  2. being able to retain complex formatting, i.e. fully supporting the Format Mini-Language

So, I wrote my own solution, which satisfies the above requirements. (EDIT: now the version by @SvenMarnach — as reported in this answer — seems to handle the corner cases I needed).

Basically, I ended up parsing the template string, finding matching nested {.*?} groups (using a find_all() helper function) and building the formatted string progressively and directly using str.format_map() while catching any potential KeyError.

def find_all(
        text,
        pattern,
        overlap=False):
    """
    Find all occurrencies of the pattern in the text.

    Args:
        text (str|bytes|bytearray): The input text.
        pattern (str|bytes|bytearray): The pattern to find.
        overlap (bool): Detect overlapping patterns.

    Yields:
        position (int): The position of the next finding.
    """
    len_text = len(text)
    offset = 1 if overlap else (len(pattern) or 1)
    i = 0
    while i < len_text:
        i = text.find(pattern, i)
        if i >= 0:
            yield i
            i += offset
        else:
            break
def matching_delimiters(
        text,
        l_delim,
        r_delim,
        including=True):
    """
    Find matching delimiters in a sequence.

    The delimiters are matched according to nesting level.

    Args:
        text (str|bytes|bytearray): The input text.
        l_delim (str|bytes|bytearray): The left delimiter.
        r_delim (str|bytes|bytearray): The right delimiter.
        including (bool): Include delimeters.

    yields:
        result (tuple[int]): The matching delimiters.
    """
    l_offset = len(l_delim) if including else 0
    r_offset = len(r_delim) if including else 0
    stack = []

    l_tokens = set(find_all(text, l_delim))
    r_tokens = set(find_all(text, r_delim))
    positions = l_tokens.union(r_tokens)
    for pos in sorted(positions):
        if pos in l_tokens:
            stack.append(pos + 1)
        elif pos in r_tokens:
            if len(stack) > 0:
                prev = stack.pop()
                yield (prev - l_offset, pos + r_offset, len(stack))
            else:
                raise ValueError(
                    'Found `{}` unmatched right token(s) `{}` (position: {}).'
                        .format(len(r_tokens) - len(l_tokens), r_delim, pos))
    if len(stack) > 0:
        raise ValueError(
            'Found `{}` unmatched left token(s) `{}` (position: {}).'
                .format(
                len(l_tokens) - len(r_tokens), l_delim, stack.pop() - 1))
def safe_format_map(
        text,
        source):
    """
    Perform safe string formatting from a mapping source.

    If a value is missing from source, this is simply ignored, and no
    `KeyError` is raised.

    Args:
        text (str): Text to format.
        source (Mapping|None): The mapping to use as source.
            If None, uses caller's `vars()`.

    Returns:
        result (str): The formatted text.
    """
    stack = []
    for i, j, depth in matching_delimiters(text, '{', '}'):
        if depth == 0:
            try:
                replacing = text[i:j].format_map(source)
            except KeyError:
                pass
            else:
                stack.append((i, j, replacing))
    result = ''
    i, j = len(text), 0
    while len(stack) > 0:
        last_i = i
        i, j, replacing = stack.pop()
        result = replacing + text[j:last_i] + result
    if i > 0:
        result = text[0:i] + result
    return result

(This code is also available in FlyingCircus — DISCLAIMER: I am the main author of it.)


The usage for this code would be:

print(safe_format_map('{a} {b} {c}', dict(a=-A-)))
# -A- {b} {c}

Let’s compare this to the my favourite solution (by @SvenMarnach who kindly shared his code here and there):

import string


class FormatPlaceholder:
    def __init__(self, key):
        self.key = key
    def __format__(self, spec):
        result = self.key
        if spec:
            result += ":" + spec
        return "{" + result + "}"
    def __getitem__(self, index):
        self.key = "{}[{}]".format(self.key, index)
        return self
    def __getattr__(self, attr):
        self.key = "{}.{}".format(self.key, attr)
        return self


class FormatDict(dict):
    def __missing__(self, key):
        return FormatPlaceholder(key)


def safe_format_alt(text, source):
    formatter = string.Formatter()
    return formatter.vformat(text, (), FormatDict(source))

Here are a couple of tests:

test_texts = (
    '{b} {f}',  # simple nothing useful in source
    '{a} {b}',  # simple
    '{a} {b} {c:5d}',  # formatting
    '{a} {b} {c!s}',  # coercion
    '{a} {b} {c!s:>{a}s}',  # formatting and coercion
    '{a} {b} {c:0{a}d}',  # nesting
    '{a} {b} {d[x]}',  # dicts (existing in source)
    '{a} {b} {e.index}',  # class (existing in source)
    '{a} {b} {f[g]}',  # dict (not existing in source)
    '{a} {b} {f.values}',  # class (not existing in source)

)
source = dict(a=4, c=101, d=dict(x='FOO'), e=[])

and the code to make it running:

funcs = safe_format_map, safe_format_alt

n = 18
for text in test_texts:
    full_source = {**dict(b='---', f=dict(g='Oh yes!')), **source}
    print('{:>{n}s} :   OK   : '.format('str.format_map', n=n) + text.format_map(full_source))
    for func in funcs:
        try:
            print(f'{func.__name__:>{n}s} :   OK   : ' + func(text, source))
        except:
            print(f'{func.__name__:>{n}s} : FAILED : {text}')

resulting in:

    str.format_map :   OK   : --- {'g': 'Oh yes!'}
   safe_format_map :   OK   : {b} {f}
   safe_format_alt :   OK   : {b} {f}
    str.format_map :   OK   : 4 ---
   safe_format_map :   OK   : 4 {b}
   safe_format_alt :   OK   : 4 {b}
    str.format_map :   OK   : 4 ---   101
   safe_format_map :   OK   : 4 {b}   101
   safe_format_alt :   OK   : 4 {b}   101
    str.format_map :   OK   : 4 --- 101
   safe_format_map :   OK   : 4 {b} 101
   safe_format_alt :   OK   : 4 {b} 101
    str.format_map :   OK   : 4 ---  101
   safe_format_map :   OK   : 4 {b}  101
   safe_format_alt :   OK   : 4 {b}  101
    str.format_map :   OK   : 4 --- 0101
   safe_format_map :   OK   : 4 {b} 0101
   safe_format_alt :   OK   : 4 {b} 0101
    str.format_map :   OK   : 4 --- FOO
   safe_format_map :   OK   : 4 {b} FOO
   safe_format_alt :   OK   : 4 {b} FOO
    str.format_map :   OK   : 4 --- <built-in method index of list object at 0x7f7a485666c8>
   safe_format_map :   OK   : 4 {b} <built-in method index of list object at 0x7f7a485666c8>
   safe_format_alt :   OK   : 4 {b} <built-in method index of list object at 0x7f7a485666c8>
    str.format_map :   OK   : 4 --- Oh yes!
   safe_format_map :   OK   : 4 {b} {f[g]}
   safe_format_alt :   OK   : 4 {b} {f[g]}
    str.format_map :   OK   : 4 --- <built-in method values of dict object at 0x7f7a485da090>
   safe_format_map :   OK   : 4 {b} {f.values}
   safe_format_alt :   OK   : 4 {b} {f.values}

as you can see, the updated version now seems to handle well the corner cases where the earlier version used to fail.


Timewise, they are within approx. 50% of each other, depending on the actual text to format (and likely the actual source), but safe_format_map() seems to have an edge in most of the tests I performed (whatever they mean, of course):

for text in test_texts:
    print(f'  {text}')
    %timeit safe_format(text * 1000, source)
    %timeit safe_format_alt(text * 1000, source)
  {b} {f}
3.93 ms ± 153 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
6.35 ms ± 51.9 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
  {a} {b}
4.37 ms ± 57.1 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
5.2 ms ± 159 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
  {a} {b} {c:5d}
7.15 ms ± 91.9 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
7.76 ms ± 69.5 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
  {a} {b} {c!s}
7.04 ms ± 138 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
7.56 ms ± 161 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
  {a} {b} {c!s:>{a}s}
8.91 ms ± 113 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
10.5 ms ± 181 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
  {a} {b} {c:0{a}d}
8.84 ms ± 147 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
10.2 ms ± 202 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
  {a} {b} {d[x]}
7.01 ms ± 197 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
7.35 ms ± 106 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
  {a} {b} {e.index}
11 ms ± 68.8 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
8.78 ms ± 405 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
  {a} {b} {f[g]}
6.55 ms ± 88.6 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
9.12 ms ± 159 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
  {a} {b} {f.values}
6.61 ms ± 55.9 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
9.92 ms ± 98.8 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)

回答 15

如果您想解开字典以将参数传递给format如本相关问题所示,则可以使用以下方法。

首先假设字符串s与此问题相同:

s = '{foo} {bar}'

值由以下字典给出:

replacements = {'foo': 'FOO'}

显然这是行不通的:

s.format(**replacements)
#---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#KeyError                                  Traceback (most recent call last)
#<ipython-input-29-ef5e51de79bf> in <module>()
#----> 1 s.format(**replacements)
#
#KeyError: 'bar'

但是,您可以首先从中获取set所有命名参数,s然后创建一个字典,将参数映射到用大括号括起来的自身:

from string import Formatter
args = {x[1]:'{'+x[1]+'}' for x in Formatter().parse(s)}
print(args)
#{'foo': '{foo}', 'bar': '{bar}'}

现在,使用args字典来填写中缺少的键replacements。对于python 3.5+,您可以在单个表达式中执行此操作

new_s = s.format(**{**args, **replacements}}
print(new_s)
#'FOO {bar}'

对于旧版本的python,您可以调用update

args.update(replacements)
print(s.format(**args))
#'FOO {bar}'

If you’d like to unpack a dictionary to pass arguments to format, as in this related question, you could use the following method.

First assume the string s is the same as in this question:

s = '{foo} {bar}'

and the values are given by the following dictionary:

replacements = {'foo': 'FOO'}

Clearly this won’t work:

s.format(**replacements)
#---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#KeyError                                  Traceback (most recent call last)
#<ipython-input-29-ef5e51de79bf> in <module>()
#----> 1 s.format(**replacements)
#
#KeyError: 'bar'

However, you could first get a set of all of the named arguments from s and create a dictionary that maps the argument to itself wrapped in curly braces:

from string import Formatter
args = {x[1]:'{'+x[1]+'}' for x in Formatter().parse(s)}
print(args)
#{'foo': '{foo}', 'bar': '{bar}'}

Now use the args dictionary to fill in the missing keys in replacements. For python 3.5+, you can do this in a single expression:

new_s = s.format(**{**args, **replacements}}
print(new_s)
#'FOO {bar}'

For older versions of python, you could call update:

args.update(replacements)
print(s.format(**args))
#'FOO {bar}'

回答 16

我喜欢@ sven-marnach的答案。我的答案只是它的扩展版本。它允许非关键字格式,并忽略多余的键。以下是用法示例(函数名称是对python 3.6 f字符串格式的引用):

# partial string substitution by keyword
>>> f('{foo} {bar}', foo="FOO")
'FOO {bar}'

# partial string substitution by argument
>>> f('{} {bar}', 1)
'1 {bar}'

>>> f('{foo} {}', 1)
'{foo} 1'

# partial string substitution with arguments and keyword mixed
>>> f('{foo} {} {bar} {}', '|', bar='BAR')
'{foo} | BAR {}'

# partial string substitution with extra keyword
>>> f('{foo} {bar}', foo="FOO", bro="BRO")
'FOO {bar}'

# you can simply 'pour out' your dictionary to format function
>>> kwargs = {'foo': 'FOO', 'bro': 'BRO'}
>>> f('{foo} {bar}', **kwargs)
'FOO {bar}'

这是我的代码:

from string import Formatter


class FormatTuple(tuple):
    def __getitem__(self, key):
        if key + 1 > len(self):
            return "{}"
        return tuple.__getitem__(self, key)


class FormatDict(dict):
    def __missing__(self, key):
        return "{" + key + "}"


def f(string, *args, **kwargs):
    """
    String safe substitute format method.
    If you pass extra keys they will be ignored.
    If you pass incomplete substitute map, missing keys will be left unchanged.
    :param string:
    :param kwargs:
    :return:

    >>> f('{foo} {bar}', foo="FOO")
    'FOO {bar}'
    >>> f('{} {bar}', 1)
    '1 {bar}'
    >>> f('{foo} {}', 1)
    '{foo} 1'
    >>> f('{foo} {} {bar} {}', '|', bar='BAR')
    '{foo} | BAR {}'
    >>> f('{foo} {bar}', foo="FOO", bro="BRO")
    'FOO {bar}'
    """
    formatter = Formatter()
    args_mapping = FormatTuple(args)
    mapping = FormatDict(kwargs)
    return formatter.vformat(string, args_mapping, mapping)

I like @sven-marnach answer. My answer is simply an extended version of it. It allows non-keyword formatting and ignores extra keys. Here are examples of usage (the name of a function is a reference to python 3.6 f-string formatting):

# partial string substitution by keyword
>>> f('{foo} {bar}', foo="FOO")
'FOO {bar}'

# partial string substitution by argument
>>> f('{} {bar}', 1)
'1 {bar}'

>>> f('{foo} {}', 1)
'{foo} 1'

# partial string substitution with arguments and keyword mixed
>>> f('{foo} {} {bar} {}', '|', bar='BAR')
'{foo} | BAR {}'

# partial string substitution with extra keyword
>>> f('{foo} {bar}', foo="FOO", bro="BRO")
'FOO {bar}'

# you can simply 'pour out' your dictionary to format function
>>> kwargs = {'foo': 'FOO', 'bro': 'BRO'}
>>> f('{foo} {bar}', **kwargs)
'FOO {bar}'

And here is my code:

from string import Formatter


class FormatTuple(tuple):
    def __getitem__(self, key):
        if key + 1 > len(self):
            return "{}"
        return tuple.__getitem__(self, key)


class FormatDict(dict):
    def __missing__(self, key):
        return "{" + key + "}"


def f(string, *args, **kwargs):
    """
    String safe substitute format method.
    If you pass extra keys they will be ignored.
    If you pass incomplete substitute map, missing keys will be left unchanged.
    :param string:
    :param kwargs:
    :return:

    >>> f('{foo} {bar}', foo="FOO")
    'FOO {bar}'
    >>> f('{} {bar}', 1)
    '1 {bar}'
    >>> f('{foo} {}', 1)
    '{foo} 1'
    >>> f('{foo} {} {bar} {}', '|', bar='BAR')
    '{foo} | BAR {}'
    >>> f('{foo} {bar}', foo="FOO", bro="BRO")
    'FOO {bar}'
    """
    formatter = Formatter()
    args_mapping = FormatTuple(args)
    mapping = FormatDict(kwargs)
    return formatter.vformat(string, args_mapping, mapping)

回答 17

如果您进行了大量的模板化工作,并且发现Python的内置字符串模板化功能不足或笨拙,请查看Jinja2

从文档:

Jinja是一种以Django模板为模型的,现代且设计友好的Python模板语言。

If you’re doing a lot of templating and finding Python’s built in string templating functionality to be insufficient or clunky, look at Jinja2.

From the docs:

Jinja is a modern and designer-friendly templating language for Python, modelled after Django’s templates.


回答 18

阅读@Sam Bourne的注释,我修改了@SvenMarnach的代码 以正确地使用强制(如{a!s:>2s}),而无需编写自定义解析器。基本思想不是转换为字符串,而是将带有强制标签的缺失键连接起来。

import string
class MissingKey(object):
    def __init__(self, key):
        self.key = key

    def __str__(self):  # Supports {key!s}
        return MissingKeyStr("".join([self.key, "!s"]))

    def __repr__(self):  # Supports {key!r}
        return MissingKeyStr("".join([self.key, "!r"]))

    def __format__(self, spec): # Supports {key:spec}
        if spec:
            return "".join(["{", self.key, ":", spec, "}"])
        return "".join(["{", self.key, "}"])

    def __getitem__(self, i): # Supports {key[i]}
        return MissingKey("".join([self.key, "[", str(i), "]"]))

    def __getattr__(self, name): # Supports {key.name}
        return MissingKey("".join([self.key, ".", name]))


class MissingKeyStr(MissingKey, str):
    def __init__(self, key):
        if isinstance(key, MissingKey):
            self.key = "".join([key.key, "!s"])
        else:
            self.key = key

class SafeFormatter(string.Formatter):
    def __init__(self, default=lambda k: MissingKey(k)):
        self.default=default

    def get_value(self, key, args, kwds):
        if isinstance(key, str):
            return kwds.get(key, self.default(key))
        else:
            return super().get_value(key, args, kwds)

像这样使用(例如)

SafeFormatter().format("{a:<5} {b:<10}", a=10)

以下测试(受@ norok2测试的启发)在两种情况下检查传统类format_map和a safe_format_map类的输出:提供正确的关键字或不提供关键字。

def safe_format_map(text, source):
    return SafeFormatter().format(text, **source)

test_texts = (
    '{a} ',             # simple nothing useful in source
    '{a:5d}',       # formatting
    '{a!s}',        # coercion
    '{a!s:>{a}s}',  # formatting and coercion
    '{a:0{a}d}',    # nesting
    '{d[x]}',       # indexing
    '{d.values}',   # member
)

source = dict(a=10,d=dict(x='FOO'))
funcs = [safe_format_map,
         str.format_map
         #safe_format_alt  # Version based on parsing (See @norok2)
         ]
n = 18
for text in test_texts:
    # full_source = {**dict(b='---', f=dict(g='Oh yes!')), **source}
    # print('{:>{n}s} :   OK   : '.format('str.format_map', n=n) + text.format_map(full_source))
    print("Testing:", text)
    for func in funcs:
        try:
            print(f'{func.__name__:>{n}s} : OK\t\t\t: ' + func(text, dict()))
        except:
            print(f'{func.__name__:>{n}s} : FAILED')

        try:
            print(f'{func.__name__:>{n}s} : OK\t\t\t: ' + func(text, source))
        except:
            print(f'{func.__name__:>{n}s} : FAILED')

哪些输出

Testing: {a} 
   safe_format_map : OK         : {a} 
   safe_format_map : OK         : 10 
        format_map : FAILED
        format_map : OK         : 10 
Testing: {a:5d}
   safe_format_map : OK         : {a:5d}
   safe_format_map : OK         :    10
        format_map : FAILED
        format_map : OK         :    10
Testing: {a!s}
   safe_format_map : OK         : {a!s}
   safe_format_map : OK         : 10
        format_map : FAILED
        format_map : OK         : 10
Testing: {a!s:>{a}s}
   safe_format_map : OK         : {a!s:>{a}s}
   safe_format_map : OK         :         10
        format_map : FAILED
        format_map : OK         :         10
Testing: {a:0{a}d}
   safe_format_map : OK         : {a:0{a}d}
   safe_format_map : OK         : 0000000010
        format_map : FAILED
        format_map : OK         : 0000000010
Testing: {d[x]}
   safe_format_map : OK         : {d[x]}
   safe_format_map : OK         : FOO
        format_map : FAILED
        format_map : OK         : FOO
Testing: {d.values}
   safe_format_map : OK         : {d.values}
   safe_format_map : OK         : <built-in method values of dict object at 0x7fe61e230af8>
        format_map : FAILED
        format_map : OK         : <built-in method values of dict object at 0x7fe61e230af8>

Reading @Sam Bourne comment, I modified @SvenMarnach’s code to work properly with coercion (like {a!s:>2s}) without writing a custom parser. The basic idea is not to convert to strings but concatenate missing keys with coercion tags.

import string
class MissingKey(object):
    def __init__(self, key):
        self.key = key

    def __str__(self):  # Supports {key!s}
        return MissingKeyStr("".join([self.key, "!s"]))

    def __repr__(self):  # Supports {key!r}
        return MissingKeyStr("".join([self.key, "!r"]))

    def __format__(self, spec): # Supports {key:spec}
        if spec:
            return "".join(["{", self.key, ":", spec, "}"])
        return "".join(["{", self.key, "}"])

    def __getitem__(self, i): # Supports {key[i]}
        return MissingKey("".join([self.key, "[", str(i), "]"]))

    def __getattr__(self, name): # Supports {key.name}
        return MissingKey("".join([self.key, ".", name]))


class MissingKeyStr(MissingKey, str):
    def __init__(self, key):
        if isinstance(key, MissingKey):
            self.key = "".join([key.key, "!s"])
        else:
            self.key = key

class SafeFormatter(string.Formatter):
    def __init__(self, default=lambda k: MissingKey(k)):
        self.default=default

    def get_value(self, key, args, kwds):
        if isinstance(key, str):
            return kwds.get(key, self.default(key))
        else:
            return super().get_value(key, args, kwds)

Use (for example) like this

SafeFormatter().format("{a:<5} {b:<10}", a=10)

The following tests (inspired by tests from @norok2) check the output for the traditional format_map and a safe_format_map based on the class above in two cases: providing correct keywords or without them.

def safe_format_map(text, source):
    return SafeFormatter().format(text, **source)

test_texts = (
    '{a} ',             # simple nothing useful in source
    '{a:5d}',       # formatting
    '{a!s}',        # coercion
    '{a!s:>{a}s}',  # formatting and coercion
    '{a:0{a}d}',    # nesting
    '{d[x]}',       # indexing
    '{d.values}',   # member
)

source = dict(a=10,d=dict(x='FOO'))
funcs = [safe_format_map,
         str.format_map
         #safe_format_alt  # Version based on parsing (See @norok2)
         ]
n = 18
for text in test_texts:
    # full_source = {**dict(b='---', f=dict(g='Oh yes!')), **source}
    # print('{:>{n}s} :   OK   : '.format('str.format_map', n=n) + text.format_map(full_source))
    print("Testing:", text)
    for func in funcs:
        try:
            print(f'{func.__name__:>{n}s} : OK\t\t\t: ' + func(text, dict()))
        except:
            print(f'{func.__name__:>{n}s} : FAILED')

        try:
            print(f'{func.__name__:>{n}s} : OK\t\t\t: ' + func(text, source))
        except:
            print(f'{func.__name__:>{n}s} : FAILED')

Which outputs

Testing: {a} 
   safe_format_map : OK         : {a} 
   safe_format_map : OK         : 10 
        format_map : FAILED
        format_map : OK         : 10 
Testing: {a:5d}
   safe_format_map : OK         : {a:5d}
   safe_format_map : OK         :    10
        format_map : FAILED
        format_map : OK         :    10
Testing: {a!s}
   safe_format_map : OK         : {a!s}
   safe_format_map : OK         : 10
        format_map : FAILED
        format_map : OK         : 10
Testing: {a!s:>{a}s}
   safe_format_map : OK         : {a!s:>{a}s}
   safe_format_map : OK         :         10
        format_map : FAILED
        format_map : OK         :         10
Testing: {a:0{a}d}
   safe_format_map : OK         : {a:0{a}d}
   safe_format_map : OK         : 0000000010
        format_map : FAILED
        format_map : OK         : 0000000010
Testing: {d[x]}
   safe_format_map : OK         : {d[x]}
   safe_format_map : OK         : FOO
        format_map : FAILED
        format_map : OK         : FOO
Testing: {d.values}
   safe_format_map : OK         : {d.values}
   safe_format_map : OK         : <built-in method values of dict object at 0x7fe61e230af8>
        format_map : FAILED
        format_map : OK         : <built-in method values of dict object at 0x7fe61e230af8>

回答 19

您可以将其包装在带有默认参数的函数中:

def print_foo_bar(foo='', bar=''):
    s = '{foo} {bar}'
    return s.format(foo=foo, bar=bar)

print_foo_bar(bar='BAR') # ' BAR'

You could wrap it in a function that takes default arguments:

def print_foo_bar(foo='', bar=''):
    s = '{foo} {bar}'
    return s.format(foo=foo, bar=bar)

print_foo_bar(bar='BAR') # ' BAR'