Python 实用宝典

Question 1

What’s the easiest way to use a linked list in python? In scheme, a linked list is defined simply by '(1 2 3 4 5). Python’s lists, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], and tuples, (1, 2, 3, 4, 5), are not, in fact, linked lists, and linked lists have some nice properties such as constant-time concatenation, and being able to reference separate parts of them. Make them immutable and they are really easy to work with!

Question 2

Here is some list functions based on Martin v. Löwis’s representation:

cons   = lambda el, lst: (el, lst)
mklist = lambda *args: reduce(lambda lst, el: cons(el, lst), reversed(args), None)
car = lambda lst: lst[0] if lst else lst
cdr = lambda lst: lst[1] if lst else lst
nth = lambda n, lst: nth(n-1, cdr(lst)) if n > 0 else car(lst)
length  = lambda lst, count=0: length(cdr(lst), count+1) if lst else count
begin   = lambda *args: args[-1]
display = lambda lst: begin(w("%s " % car(lst)), display(cdr(lst))) if lst else w("nil\n")

where w = sys.stdout.write

Although doubly linked lists are famously used in Raymond Hettinger’s ordered set recipe, singly linked lists have no practical value in Python.

I’ve never used a singly linked list in Python for any problem except educational.

Thomas Watnedal suggested a good educational resource How to Think Like a Computer Scientist, Chapter 17: Linked lists:

A linked list is either:

the empty list, represented by None, or

a node that contains a cargo object and a reference to a linked list.

class Node: 
  def __init__(self, cargo=None, next=None): 
    self.car = cargo 
    self.cdr = next    
  def __str__(self): 
    return str(self.car)

def display(lst):
  if lst:
    w("%s " % lst)
    display(lst.cdr)
  else:
    w("nil\n")

Question 3

For some needs, a deque may also be useful. You can add and remove items on both ends of a deque at O(1) cost.

from collections import deque
d = deque([1,2,3,4])

print d
for x in d:
    print x
print d.pop(), d

Question 4

I wrote this up the other day

#! /usr/bin/env python

class Node(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.data = None # contains the data
        self.next = None # contains the reference to the next node


class LinkedList:
    def __init__(self):
        self.cur_node = None

    def add_node(self, data):
        new_node = Node() # create a new node
        new_node.data = data
        new_node.next = self.cur_node # link the new node to the 'previous' node.
        self.cur_node = new_node #  set the current node to the new one.

    def list_print(self):
        node = self.cur_node # cant point to ll!
        while node:
            print node.data
            node = node.next



ll = LinkedList()
ll.add_node(1)
ll.add_node(2)
ll.add_node(3)

ll.list_print()

Question 5

The accepted answer is rather complicated. Here is a more standard design:

L = LinkedList()
L.insert(1)
L.insert(1)
L.insert(2)
L.insert(4)
print L
L.clear()
print L

It is a simple LinkedList class based on the straightforward C++ design and Chapter 17: Linked lists, as recommended by Thomas Watnedal.

class Node:
    def __init__(self, value = None, next = None):
        self.value = value
        self.next = next

    def __str__(self):
        return 'Node ['+str(self.value)+']'

class LinkedList:
    def __init__(self):
        self.first = None
        self.last = None

    def insert(self, x):
        if self.first == None:
            self.first = Node(x, None)
            self.last = self.first
        elif self.last == self.first:
            self.last = Node(x, None)
            self.first.next = self.last
        else:
            current = Node(x, None)
            self.last.next = current
            self.last = current

    def __str__(self):
        if self.first != None:
            current = self.first
            out = 'LinkedList [\n' +str(current.value) +'\n'
            while current.next != None:
                current = current.next
                out += str(current.value) + '\n'
            return out + ']'
        return 'LinkedList []'

    def clear(self):
        self.__init__()

Question 6

Immutable lists are best represented through two-tuples, with None representing NIL. To allow simple formulation of such lists, you can use this function:

def mklist(*args):
    result = None
    for element in reversed(args):
        result = (element, result)
    return result

To work with such lists, I’d rather provide the whole collection of LISP functions (i.e. first, second, nth, etc), than introducing methods.

Question 7

Here’s a slightly more complex version of a linked list class, with a similar interface to python’s sequence types (ie. supports indexing, slicing, concatenation with arbitrary sequences etc). It should have O(1) prepend, doesn’t copy data unless it needs to and can be used pretty interchangably with tuples.

It won’t be as space or time efficient as lisp cons cells, as python classes are obviously a bit more heavyweight (You could improve things slightly with “__slots__ = '_head','_tail'” to reduce memory usage). It will have the desired big O performance characteristics however.

Example of usage:

>>> l = LinkedList([1,2,3,4])
>>> l
LinkedList([1, 2, 3, 4])
>>> l.head, l.tail
(1, LinkedList([2, 3, 4]))

# Prepending is O(1) and can be done with:
LinkedList.cons(0, l)
LinkedList([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
# Or prepending arbitrary sequences (Still no copy of l performed):
[-1,0] + l
LinkedList([-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4])

# Normal list indexing and slice operations can be performed.
# Again, no copy is made unless needed.
>>> l[1], l[-1], l[2:]
(2, 4, LinkedList([3, 4]))
>>> assert l[2:] is l.next.next

# For cases where the slice stops before the end, or uses a
# non-contiguous range, we do need to create a copy.  However
# this should be transparent to the user.
>>> LinkedList(range(100))[-10::2]
LinkedList([90, 92, 94, 96, 98])

Implementation:

import itertools

class LinkedList(object):
    """Immutable linked list class."""

    def __new__(cls, l=[]):
        if isinstance(l, LinkedList): return l # Immutable, so no copy needed.
        i = iter(l)
        try:
            head = i.next()
        except StopIteration:
            return cls.EmptyList   # Return empty list singleton.

        tail = LinkedList(i)

        obj = super(LinkedList, cls).__new__(cls)
        obj._head = head
        obj._tail = tail
        return obj

    @classmethod
    def cons(cls, head, tail):
        ll =  cls([head])
        if not isinstance(tail, cls):
            tail = cls(tail)
        ll._tail = tail
        return ll

    # head and tail are not modifiable
    @property  
    def head(self): return self._head

    @property
    def tail(self): return self._tail

    def __nonzero__(self): return True

    def __len__(self):
        return sum(1 for _ in self)

    def __add__(self, other):
        other = LinkedList(other)

        if not self: return other   # () + l = l
        start=l = LinkedList(iter(self))  # Create copy, as we'll mutate

        while l:
            if not l._tail: # Last element?
                l._tail = other
                break
            l = l._tail
        return start

    def __radd__(self, other):
        return LinkedList(other) + self

    def __iter__(self):
        x=self
        while x:
            yield x.head
            x=x.tail

    def __getitem__(self, idx):
        """Get item at specified index"""
        if isinstance(idx, slice):
            # Special case: Avoid constructing a new list, or performing O(n) length 
            # calculation for slices like l[3:].  Since we're immutable, just return
            # the appropriate node. This becomes O(start) rather than O(n).
            # We can't do this for  more complicated slices however (eg [l:4]
            start = idx.start or 0
            if (start >= 0) and (idx.stop is None) and (idx.step is None or idx.step == 1):
                no_copy_needed=True
            else:
                length = len(self)  # Need to calc length.
                start, stop, step = idx.indices(length)
                no_copy_needed = (stop == length) and (step == 1)

            if no_copy_needed:
                l = self
                for i in range(start): 
                    if not l: break # End of list.
                    l=l.tail
                return l
            else:
                # We need to construct a new list.
                if step < 1:  # Need to instantiate list to deal with -ve step
                    return LinkedList(list(self)[start:stop:step])
                else:
                    return LinkedList(itertools.islice(iter(self), start, stop, step))
        else:       
            # Non-slice index.
            if idx < 0: idx = len(self)+idx
            if not self: raise IndexError("list index out of range")
            if idx == 0: return self.head
            return self.tail[idx-1]

    def __mul__(self, n):
        if n <= 0: return Nil
        l=self
        for i in range(n-1): l += self
        return l
    def __rmul__(self, n): return self * n

    # Ideally we should compute the has ourselves rather than construct
    # a temporary tuple as below.  I haven't impemented this here
    def __hash__(self): return hash(tuple(self))

    def __eq__(self, other): return self._cmp(other) == 0
    def __ne__(self, other): return not self == other
    def __lt__(self, other): return self._cmp(other) < 0
    def __gt__(self, other): return self._cmp(other) > 0
    def __le__(self, other): return self._cmp(other) <= 0
    def __ge__(self, other): return self._cmp(other) >= 0

    def _cmp(self, other):
        """Acts as cmp(): -1 for self<other, 0 for equal, 1 for greater"""
        if not isinstance(other, LinkedList):
            return cmp(LinkedList,type(other))  # Arbitrary ordering.

        A, B = iter(self), iter(other)
        for a,b in itertools.izip(A,B):
           if a<b: return -1
           elif a > b: return 1

        try:
            A.next()
            return 1  # a has more items.
        except StopIteration: pass

        try:
            B.next()
            return -1  # b has more items.
        except StopIteration: pass

        return 0  # Lists are equal

    def __repr__(self):
        return "LinkedList([%s])" % ', '.join(map(repr,self))

class EmptyList(LinkedList):
    """A singleton representing an empty list."""
    def __new__(cls):
        return object.__new__(cls)

    def __iter__(self): return iter([])
    def __nonzero__(self): return False

    @property
    def head(self): raise IndexError("End of list")

    @property
    def tail(self): raise IndexError("End of list")

# Create EmptyList singleton
LinkedList.EmptyList = EmptyList()
del EmptyList

Question 8

llist — Linked list datatypes for Python

llist module implements linked list data structures. It supports a doubly linked list, i.e. dllist and a singly linked data structure sllist.

dllist objects

This object represents a doubly linked list data structure.

`first`

First dllistnode object in the list. None if list is empty.

`last`

Last dllistnode object in the list. None if list is empty.

dllist objects also support the following methods:

`append(x)`

Add x to the right side of the list and return inserted dllistnode.

`appendleft(x)`

Add x to the left side of the list and return inserted dllistnode.

`appendright(x)`

Add x to the right side of the list and return inserted dllistnode.

`clear()`

Remove all nodes from the list.

`extend(iterable)`

Append elements from iterable to the right side of the list.

`extendleft(iterable)`

Append elements from iterable to the left side of the list.

`extendright(iterable)`

Append elements from iterable to the right side of the list.

`insert(x[, before])`

Add x to the right side of the list if before is not specified, or insert x to the left side of dllistnode before. Return inserted dllistnode.

`nodeat(index)`

Return node (of type dllistnode) at index.

`pop()`

Remove and return an element’s value from the right side of the list.

`popleft()`

Remove and return an element’s value from the left side of the list.

`popright()`

Remove and return an element’s value from the right side of the list

`remove(node)`

Remove node from the list and return the element which was stored in it.

`dllistnode` objects

class `llist.dllistnode([value])`

Return a new doubly linked list node, initialized (optionally) with value.

`dllistnode` objects provide the following attributes:

`next`

Next node in the list. This attribute is read-only.

`prev`

Previous node in the list. This attribute is read-only.

`value`

Value stored in this node. Compiled from this reference

sllist

class llist.sllist([iterable]) Return a new singly linked list initialized with elements from iterable. If iterable is not specified, the new sllist is empty.

A similar set of attributes and operations are defined for this sllist object. See this reference for more information.

Question 9

class Node(object):
    def __init__(self, data=None, next=None):
        self.data = data
        self.next = next

    def setData(self, data):
        self.data = data
        return self.data

    def setNext(self, next):
        self.next = next

    def getNext(self):
        return self.next

    def hasNext(self):
        return self.next != None


class singleLinkList(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self.head = None

    def isEmpty(self):
        return self.head == None

    def insertAtBeginning(self, data):
        newNode = Node()
        newNode.setData(data)

        if self.listLength() == 0:
            self.head = newNode
        else:
            newNode.setNext(self.head)
            self.head = newNode

    def insertAtEnd(self, data):
        newNode = Node()
        newNode.setData(data)

        current = self.head

        while current.getNext() != None:
            current = current.getNext()

        current.setNext(newNode)

    def listLength(self):
        current = self.head
        count = 0

        while current != None:
            count += 1
            current = current.getNext()
        return count

    def print_llist(self):
        current = self.head
        print("List Start.")
        while current != None:
            print(current.getData())
            current = current.getNext()

        print("List End.")



if __name__ == '__main__':
    ll = singleLinkList()
    ll.insertAtBeginning(55)
    ll.insertAtEnd(56)
    ll.print_llist()
    print(ll.listLength())

Question 10

I based this additional function on Nick Stinemates

def add_node_at_end(self, data):
    new_node = Node()
    node = self.curr_node
    while node:
        if node.next == None:
            node.next = new_node
            new_node.next = None
            new_node.data = data
        node = node.next

The method he has adds the new node at the beginning while I have seen a lot of implementations which usually add a new node at the end but whatever, it is fun to do.

Question 11

The following is what I came up with. It’s similer to Riccardo C.’s, in this thread, except it prints the numbers in order instead of in reverse. I also made the LinkedList object a Python Iterator in order to print the list out like you would a normal Python list.

class Node:

    def __init__(self, data=None):
        self.data = data
        self.next = None

    def __str__(self):
        return str(self.data)


class LinkedList:

    def __init__(self):
        self.head = None
        self.curr = None
        self.tail = None

    def __iter__(self):
        return self

    def next(self):
        if self.head and not self.curr:
            self.curr = self.head
            return self.curr
        elif self.curr.next:
            self.curr = self.curr.next
            return self.curr
        else:
            raise StopIteration

    def append(self, data):
        n = Node(data)
        if not self.head:
            self.head = n
            self.tail = n
        else:
            self.tail.next = n
            self.tail = self.tail.next


# Add 5 nodes
ll = LinkedList()
for i in range(1, 6):
    ll.append(i)

# print out the list
for n in ll:
    print n

"""
Example output:
$ python linked_list.py
1
2
3
4
5
"""

Question 12

I just did this as a fun toy. It should be immutable as long as you don’t touch the underscore-prefixed methods, and it implements a bunch of Python magic like indexing and len.

Question 13

When using immutable linked lists, consider using Python’s tuple directly.

ls = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

def first(ls): return ls[0]
def rest(ls): return ls[1:]

Its really that ease, and you get to keep the additional funcitons like len(ls), x in ls, etc.

Question 14

class LL(object):
    def __init__(self,val):
        self.val = val
        self.next = None

    def pushNodeEnd(self,top,val):
        if top is None:
            top.val=val
            top.next=None
        else:
            tmp=top
            while (tmp.next != None):
                tmp=tmp.next        
            newNode=LL(val)
            newNode.next=None
            tmp.next=newNode

    def pushNodeFront(self,top,val):
        if top is None:
            top.val=val
            top.next=None
        else:
            newNode=LL(val)
            newNode.next=top
            top=newNode

    def popNodeFront(self,top):
        if top is None:
            return
        else:
            sav=top
            top=top.next
        return sav

    def popNodeEnd(self,top):
        if top is None:
            return
        else:
            tmp=top
            while (tmp.next != None):
                prev=tmp
                tmp=tmp.next
            prev.next=None
        return tmp

top=LL(10)
top.pushNodeEnd(top, 20)
top.pushNodeEnd(top, 30)
pop=top.popNodeEnd(top)
print (pop.val)

Question 15

I’ve put a Python 2.x and 3.x singly-linked list class at https://pypi.python.org/pypi/linked_list_mod/

It’s tested with CPython 2.7, CPython 3.4, Pypy 2.3.1, Pypy3 2.3.1, and Jython 2.7b2, and comes with a nice automated test suite.

It also includes LIFO and FIFO classes.

They aren’t immutable though.

Question 16

class LinkedStack:
'''LIFO Stack implementation using a singly linked list for storage.'''

_ToList = []

#---------- nested _Node class -----------------------------
class _Node:
    '''Lightweight, nonpublic class for storing a singly linked node.'''
    __slots__ = '_element', '_next'     #streamline memory usage

    def __init__(self, element, next):
        self._element = element
        self._next = next

#--------------- stack methods ---------------------------------
def __init__(self):
    '''Create an empty stack.'''
    self._head = None
    self._size = 0

def __len__(self):
    '''Return the number of elements in the stack.'''
    return self._size

def IsEmpty(self):
    '''Return True if the stack is empty'''
    return  self._size == 0

def Push(self,e):
    '''Add element e to the top of the Stack.'''
    self._head = self._Node(e, self._head)      #create and link a new node
    self._size +=1
    self._ToList.append(e)

def Top(self):
    '''Return (but do not remove) the element at the top of the stack.
       Raise exception if the stack is empty
    '''

    if self.IsEmpty():
        raise Exception('Stack is empty')
    return  self._head._element             #top of stack is at head of list

def Pop(self):
    '''Remove and return the element from the top of the stack (i.e. LIFO).
       Raise exception if the stack is empty
    '''
    if self.IsEmpty():
        raise Exception('Stack is empty')
    answer = self._head._element
    self._head = self._head._next       #bypass the former top node
    self._size -=1
    self._ToList.remove(answer)
    return answer

def Count(self):
    '''Return how many nodes the stack has'''
    return self.__len__()

def Clear(self):
    '''Delete all nodes'''
    for i in range(self.Count()):
        self.Pop()

def ToList(self):
    return self._ToList

Question 17

Linked List Class

class LinkedStack:
# Nested Node Class
class Node:
    def __init__(self, element, next):
        self.__element = element
        self.__next = next

    def get_next(self):
        return self.__next

    def get_element(self):
        return self.__element

def __init__(self):
    self.head = None
    self.size = 0
    self.data = []

def __len__(self):
    return self.size

def __str__(self):
    return str(self.data)

def is_empty(self):
    return self.size == 0

def push(self, e):
    newest = self.Node(e, self.head)
    self.head = newest
    self.size += 1
    self.data.append(newest)

def top(self):
    if self.is_empty():
        raise Empty('Stack is empty')
    return self.head.__element

def pop(self):
    if self.is_empty():
        raise Empty('Stack is empty')
    answer = self.head.element
    self.head = self.head.next
    self.size -= 1
    return answer

Usage

from LinkedStack import LinkedStack

x = LinkedStack()

x.push(10)
x.push(25)
x.push(55)


for i in range(x.size - 1, -1, -1):

    print '|', x.data[i].get_element(), '|' ,
    #next object

    if x.data[i].get_next() == None:
        print '--> None'
    else:
        print  x.data[i].get_next().get_element(), '-|---->  ',

Output

| 55 | 25 -|---->   | 25 | 10 -|---->   | 10 | --> None

Question 18

Here is my simple implementation:

class Node:
    def __init__(self):
        self.data = None
        self.next = None
    def __str__(self):
        return "Data %s: Next -> %s"%(self.data, self.next)

class LinkedList:
    def __init__(self):
        self.head = Node()
        self.curNode = self.head
    def insertNode(self, data):
        node = Node()
        node.data = data
        node.next = None
        if self.head.data == None:
            self.head = node
            self.curNode = node
        else:
            self.curNode.next = node
            self.curNode = node
    def printList(self):
        print self.head

l = LinkedList()
l.insertNode(1)
l.insertNode(2)
l.insertNode(34)

Output:

Data 1: Next -> Data 2: Next -> Data 34: Next -> Data 4: Next -> None

Question 19

Here is my solution:

Implementation

class Node:
  def __init__(self, initdata):
    self.data = initdata
    self.next = None

  def get_data(self):
    return self.data

  def set_data(self, data):
    self.data = data

  def get_next(self):
    return self.next

  def set_next(self, node):
    self.next = node


# ------------------------ Link List class ------------------------------- #
class LinkList:

  def __init__(self):
    self.head = None

  def is_empty(self):
    return self.head == None

  def traversal(self, data=None):
    node = self.head
    index = 0
    found = False
    while node is not None and not found:
      if node.get_data() == data:
        found = True
      else:
        node = node.get_next()
        index += 1
    return (node, index)

  def size(self):
    _, count = self.traversal(None)
    return count

  def search(self, data):
    node, _ = self.traversal(data)
    return node

  def add(self, data):
    node = Node(data)
    node.set_next(self.head)
    self.head = node

  def remove(self, data):
    previous_node = None
    current_node = self.head
    found = False
    while current_node is not None and not found:
      if current_node.get_data() == data:
        found = True
        if previous_node:
          previous_node.set_next(current_node.get_next())
        else:
          self.head = current_node
      else:
        previous_node = current_node
        current_node = current_node.get_next()
    return found

Usage

link_list = LinkList()
link_list.add(10)
link_list.add(20)
link_list.add(30)
link_list.add(40)
link_list.add(50)
link_list.size()
link_list.search(30)
link_list.remove(20)

Original Implementation Idea

http://interactivepython.org/runestone/static/pythonds/BasicDS/ImplementinganUnorderedListLinkedLists.html

Question 20

I think the implementation below fill the bill quite gracefully.

'''singly linked lists, by Yingjie Lan, December 1st, 2011'''

class linkst:
    '''Singly linked list, with pythonic features.
The list has pointers to both the first and the last node.'''
    __slots__ = ['data', 'next'] #memory efficient
    def __init__(self, iterable=(), data=None, next=None):
        '''Provide an iterable to make a singly linked list.
Set iterable to None to make a data node for internal use.'''
        if iterable is not None: 
            self.data, self.next = self, None
            self.extend(iterable)
        else: #a common node
            self.data, self.next = data, next

    def empty(self):
        '''test if the list is empty'''
        return self.next is None

    def append(self, data):
        '''append to the end of list.'''
        last = self.data
        self.data = last.next = linkst(None, data)
        #self.data = last.next

    def insert(self, data, index=0):
        '''insert data before index.
Raise IndexError if index is out of range'''
        curr, cat = self, 0
        while cat < index and curr:
            curr, cat = curr.next, cat+1
        if index<0 or not curr:
            raise IndexError(index)
        new = linkst(None, data, curr.next)
        if curr.next is None: self.data = new
        curr.next = new

    def reverse(self):
        '''reverse the order of list in place'''
        current, prev = self.next, None
        while current: #what if list is empty?
            next = current.next
            current.next = prev
            prev, current = current, next
        if self.next: self.data = self.next
        self.next = prev

    def delete(self, index=0):
        '''remvoe the item at index from the list'''
        curr, cat = self, 0
        while cat < index and curr.next:
            curr, cat = curr.next, cat+1
        if index<0 or not curr.next:
            raise IndexError(index)
        curr.next = curr.next.next
        if curr.next is None: #tail
            self.data = curr #current == self?

    def remove(self, data):
        '''remove first occurrence of data.
Raises ValueError if the data is not present.'''
        current = self
        while current.next: #node to be examined
            if data == current.next.data: break
            current = current.next #move on
        else: raise ValueError(data)
        current.next = current.next.next
        if current.next is None: #tail
            self.data = current #current == self?

    def __contains__(self, data):
        '''membership test using keyword 'in'.'''
        current = self.next
        while current:
            if data == current.data:
                return True
            current = current.next
        return False

    def __iter__(self):
        '''iterate through list by for-statements.
return an iterator that must define the __next__ method.'''
        itr = linkst()
        itr.next = self.next
        return itr #invariance: itr.data == itr

    def __next__(self):
        '''the for-statement depends on this method
to provide items one by one in the list.
return the next data, and move on.'''
        #the invariance is checked so that a linked list
        #will not be mistakenly iterated over
        if self.data is not self or self.next is None:
            raise StopIteration()
        next = self.next
        self.next = next.next
        return next.data

    def __repr__(self):
        '''string representation of the list'''
        return 'linkst(%r)'%list(self)

    def __str__(self):
        '''converting the list to a string'''
        return '->'.join(str(i) for i in self)

    #note: this is NOT the class lab! see file linked.py.
    def extend(self, iterable):
        '''takes an iterable, and append all items in the iterable
to the end of the list self.'''
        last = self.data
        for i in iterable:
            last.next = linkst(None, i)
            last = last.next
        self.data = last

    def index(self, data):
        '''TODO: return first index of data in the list self.
    Raises ValueError if the value is not present.'''
        #must not convert self to a tuple or any other containers
        current, idx = self.next, 0
        while current:
            if current.data == data: return idx
            current, idx = current.next, idx+1
        raise ValueError(data)

Question 21

class LinkedList:
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value
        self.next = None

    def insert(self, node):
        if not self.next:
            self.next = node
        else:
            self.next.insert(node)

    def __str__(self):
        if self.next:
            return '%s -> %s' % (self.value, str(self.next))
        else:
            return ' %s ' % self.value

if __name__ == "__main__":
    items = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']    
    ll = None
    for item in items:
        if ll:
            next_ll = LinkedList(item)
            ll.insert(next_ll)
        else:
            ll = LinkedList(item)
    print('[ %s ]' % ll)

Question 22

First of all, I assume you want linked lists. In practice, you can use collections.deque, whose current CPython implementation is a doubly linked list of blocks (each block contains an array of 62 cargo objects). It subsumes linked list’s functionality. You can also search for a C extension called llist on pypi. If you want a pure-Python and easy-to-follow implementation of the linked list ADT, you can take a look at my following minimal implementation.

class Node (object):
    """ Node for a linked list. """
    def __init__ (self, value, next=None):
        self.value = value
        self.next = next

class LinkedList (object):
    """ Linked list ADT implementation using class. 
        A linked list is a wrapper of a head pointer
        that references either None, or a node that contains 
        a reference to a linked list.
    """
    def __init__ (self, iterable=()):
        self.head = None
        for x in iterable:
            self.head = Node(x, self.head)

    def __iter__ (self):
        p = self.head
        while p is not None:
            yield p.value
            p = p.next

    def prepend (self, x):  # 'appendleft'
        self.head = Node(x, self.head)

    def reverse (self):
        """ In-place reversal. """
        p = self.head
        self.head = None
        while p is not None:
            p0, p = p, p.next
            p0.next = self.head
            self.head = p0

if __name__ == '__main__':
    ll = LinkedList([6,5,4])
    ll.prepend(3); ll.prepend(2)
    print list(ll)
    ll.reverse()
    print list(ll)

Question 23

Sample of a doubly linked list (save as linkedlist.py):

class node:
    def __init__(self, before=None, cargo=None, next=None): 
        self._previous = before
        self._cargo = cargo 
        self._next  = next 

    def __str__(self):
        return str(self._cargo) or None 

class linkedList:
    def __init__(self): 
        self._head = None 
        self._length = 0

    def add(self, cargo):
        n = node(None, cargo, self._head)
        if self._head:
            self._head._previous = n
        self._head = n
        self._length += 1

    def search(self,cargo):
        node = self._head
        while (node and node._cargo != cargo):
            node = node._next
        return node

    def delete(self,cargo):
        node = self.search(cargo)
        if node:
            prev = node._previous
            nx = node._next
            if prev:
                prev._next = node._next
            else:
                self._head = nx
                nx._previous = None
            if nx:
                nx._previous = prev 
            else:
                prev._next = None
        self._length -= 1

    def __str__(self):
        print 'Size of linked list: ',self._length
        node = self._head
        while node:
            print node
            node = node._next

Testing (save as test.py):

from linkedlist import node, linkedList

def test():

    print 'Testing Linked List'

    l = linkedList()

    l.add(10)
    l.add(20)
    l.add(30)
    l.add(40)
    l.add(50)
    l.add(60)

    print 'Linked List after insert nodes:'
    l.__str__()

    print 'Search some value, 30:'
    node = l.search(30)
    print node

    print 'Delete some value, 30:'
    node = l.delete(30)
    l.__str__()

    print 'Delete first element, 60:'
    node = l.delete(60)
    l.__str__()

    print 'Delete last element, 10:'
    node = l.delete(10)
    l.__str__()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    test()

Output:

Testing Linked List
Linked List after insert nodes:
Size of linked list:  6
60
50
40
30
20
10
Search some value, 30:
30
Delete some value, 30:
Size of linked list:  5
60
50
40
20
10
Delete first element, 60:
Size of linked list:  4
50
40
20
10
Delete last element, 10:
Size of linked list:  3
50
40
20

Question 24

I did also write a Single Linked List based on some tutorial, which has the basic two Node and Linked List classes, and some additional methods for insertion, delete, reverse, sorting, and such.

It’s not the best or easiest, works OK though.

"""
🍎🍏🍎🍏🍎🍏🍎🍏🍎🍏🍎🍏🍎🍏🍎🍏

Single Linked List (SLL):
A simple object-oriented implementation of Single Linked List (SLL) 
with some associated methods, such as create list, count nodes, delete nodes, and such. 

🍎🍏🍎🍏🍎🍏🍎🍏🍎🍏🍎🍏🍎🍏🍎🍏
"""

class Node:
    """
    Instantiates a node
    """
    def __init__(self, value):
        """
        Node class constructor which sets the value and link of the node

        """
        self.info = value
        self.link = None

class SingleLinkedList:
    """
    Instantiates the SLL class
    """
    def __init__(self):
        """
        SLL class constructor which sets the value and link of the node

        """
        self.start = None

    def create_single_linked_list(self):
        """
        Reads values from stdin and appends them to this list and creates a SLL with integer nodes

        """
        try:
            number_of_nodes = int(input("👉   Enter a positive integer between 1-50 for the number of nodes you wish to have in the list: "))
            if number_of_nodes <= 0 or number_of_nodes > 51:
                print("💛 The number of nodes though must be an integer between 1 to 50!")
                self.create_single_linked_list()

        except Exception as e:
            print("💛 Error: ", e)
            self.create_single_linked_list()


        try:
            for _ in range(number_of_nodes):
                try:
                    data = int(input("👉   Enter an integer for the node to be inserted: "))
                    self.insert_node_at_end(data)
                except Exception as e:
                    print("💛 Error: ", e)
        except Exception as e:
            print("💛 Error: ", e)

    def count_sll_nodes(self):
        """
        Counts the nodes of the linked list

        """
        try:
            p = self.start
            n = 0
            while p is not None:
                n += 1
                p = p.link

            if n >= 1:
                print(f"💚 The number of nodes in the linked list is {n}")
            else:
                print(f"💛 The SLL does not have a node!")
        except Exception as e: 
            print("💛 Error: ", e)

    def search_sll_nodes(self, x):
        """
        Searches the x integer in the linked list
        """
        try:
            position =  1
            p = self.start
            while p is not None:
                if p.info == x:
                    print(f"💚 YAAAY! We found {x} at position {position}")
                    return True

                #Increment the position
                position += 1 
                #Assign the next node to the current node
                p = p.link
            else:
                print(f"💔 Sorry! We couldn't find {x} at any position. Maybe, you might want to use option 9 and try again later!")
                return False
        except Exception as e:
            print("💛 Error: ", e)

    def display_sll(self):
        """
        Displays the list
        """
        try:
            if self.start is None:
                print("💛 Single linked list is empty!")
                return

            display_sll = "💚 Single linked list nodes are: "
            p = self.start
            while p is not None:
                display_sll += str(p.info) + "\t"
                p = p.link

            print(display_sll)

        except Exception as e:
            print("💛 Error: ", e) 

    def insert_node_in_beginning(self, data):
        """
        Inserts an integer in the beginning of the linked list

        """
        try:
            temp = Node(data)
            temp.link = self.start
            self.start = temp
        except Exception as e:
            print("💛 Error: ", e)

    def insert_node_at_end(self, data):
        """
        Inserts an integer at the end of the linked list

        """
        try:            
            temp = Node(data)
            if self.start is None:
                self.start = temp
                return

            p = self.start  
            while p.link is not None:
                p = p.link
            p.link = temp
        except Exception as e:
            print("💛 Error: ", e)


    def insert_node_after_another(self, data, x):
        """
        Inserts an integer after the x node

        """
        try:
            p = self.start

            while p is not None:
                if p.info == x:
                    break
                p = p.link

            if p is None:
                print(f"💔 Sorry! {x} is not in the list.")
            else:
                temp = Node(data)
                temp.link = p.link
                p.link = temp
        except Exception as e: 
            print("💛 Error: ", e)


    def insert_node_before_another(self, data, x):
        """
        Inserts an integer before the x node

        """

        try:

            # If list is empty
            if self.start is None:
                print("💔 Sorry! The list is empty.")
                return 
            # If x is the first node, and new node should be inserted before the first node
            if x == self.start.info:
                temp = Node(data)
                temp.link = p.link
                p.link = temp

            # Finding the reference to the prior node containing x
            p = self.start
            while p.link is not None:
                if p.link.info == x:
                    break
                p = p.link

            if p.link is not None:
                print(f"💔 Sorry! {x} is not in the list.")
            else:
                temp = Node(data)
                temp.link = p.link
                p.link = temp           

        except Exception as e:
            print("💛 Error: ", e)

    def insert_node_at_position(self, data, k):
        """
        Inserts an integer in k position of the linked list

        """
        try:
            # if we wish to insert at the first node
            if k == 1:
                temp = Node(data)
                temp.link = self.start
                self.start = temp
                return

            p = self.start
            i = 1

            while i < k-1 and p is not None:
                p = p.link
                i += 1

            if p is None:
                print(f"💛 The max position is {i}") 
            else:    
                temp = Node(data)
                temp.link = self.start
                self.start = temp

        except Exception as e:
            print("💛 Error: ", e)

    def delete_a_node(self, x):
        """
        Deletes a node of a linked list

        """
        try:
            # If list is empty
            if self.start is None:
                print("💔 Sorry! The list is empty.")
                return

            # If there is only one node
            if self.start.info == x:
                self.start = self.start.link

            # If more than one node exists
            p = self.start
            while p.link is not None:
                if p.link.info == x:
                    break   
                p = p.link

            if p.link is None:
                print(f"💔 Sorry! {x} is not in the list.")
            else:
                p.link = p.link.link

        except Exception as e:
            print("💛 Error: ", e)

    def delete_sll_first_node(self):
        """
        Deletes the first node of a linked list

        """
        try:
            if self.start is None:
                return
            self.start = self.start.link

        except Exception as e:
            print("💛 Error: ", e)


    def delete_sll_last_node(self):
        """
        Deletes the last node of a linked list

        """
        try:

            # If the list is empty
            if self.start is None:
                return

            # If there is only one node
            if self.start.link is None:
                self.start = None
                return

            # If there is more than one node    
            p = self.start

            # Increment until we find the node prior to the last node 
            while p.link.link is not None:
                p = p.link

            p.link = None   

        except Exception as e:
            print("💛 Error: ", e)


    def reverse_sll(self):
        """
        Reverses the linked list

        """

        try:

            prev = None
            p = self.start
            while p is not None:
                next = p.link
                p.link = prev
                prev = p
                p = next
            self.start = prev

        except Exception as e:
            print("💛 Error: ", e)


    def bubble_sort_sll_nodes_data(self):
        """
        Bubble sorts the linked list on integer values

        """

        try:

            # If the list is empty or there is only one node
            if self.start is None or self.start.link is None:
                print("💛 The list has no or only one node and sorting is not required.")
            end = None

            while end != self.start.link:
                p = self.start
                while p.link != end:
                    q = p.link
                    if p.info > q.info:
                        p.info, q.info = q.info, p.info
                    p = p.link
                end = p

        except Exception as e:
            print("💛 Error: ", e)


    def bubble_sort_sll(self):
        """
        Bubble sorts the linked list

        """

        try:

            # If the list is empty or there is only one node
            if self.start is None or self.start.link is None:
                print("💛 The list has no or only one node and sorting is not required.")
            end = None

            while end != self.start.link:
                r = p = self.start
                while p.link != end:
                    q = p.link
                    if p.info > q.info:
                        p.link = q.link
                        q.link = p
                    if  p != self.start:
                        r.link = q.link
                    else:
                        self.start = q
                    p, q = q, p
                    r = p
                    p = p.link
                end = p

        except Exception as e:
            print("💛 Error: ", e)


    def sll_has_cycle(self):
        """
        Tests the list for cycles using Tortoise and Hare Algorithm (Floyd's cycle detection algorithm)
        """

        try:

            if self.find_sll_cycle() is None:
                return False
            else:
                return True


        except Exception as e:
            print("💛 Error: ", e)


    def find_sll_cycle(self):
        """
        Finds cycles in the list, if any
        """

        try:

            # If there is one node or none, there is no cycle
            if self.start is None or self.start.link is None:
                return None

            # Otherwise, 
            slowR = self.start
            fastR = self.start

            while slowR is not None and fastR is not None:
                slowR = slowR.link
                fastR = fastR.link.link
                if slowR == fastR: 
                    return slowR

            return None

        except Exception as e:
            print("💛 Error: ", e)


    def remove_cycle_from_sll(self):
        """
        Removes the cycles
        """

        try:

            c = self.find_sll_cycle()

            # If there is no cycle
            if c is None:
                return

            print(f"💛 There is a cycle at node: ", c.info)

            p = c
            q = c
            len_cycles = 0
            while True:
                len_cycles += 1
                q = q.link

                if p == q:
                    break

            print(f"💛 The cycle length is {len_cycles}")

            len_rem_list = 0
            p = self.start

            while p != q:
                len_rem_list += 1
                p = p.link
                q = q.link

            print(f"💛 The number of nodes not included in the cycle is {len_rem_list}")

            length_list = len_rem_list + len_cycles

            print(f"💛 The SLL length is {length_list}")

            # This for loop goes to the end of the SLL, and set the last node to None and the cycle is removed. 
            p = self.start
            for _ in range(length_list-1):
                p = p.link
            p.link = None


        except Exception as e:
            print("💛 Error: ", e)


    def insert_cycle_in_sll(self, x):
        """
        Inserts a cycle at a node that contains x

        """

        try:

            if self.start is None:
                return False

            p = self.start
            px = None
            prev = None


            while p is not None:
                if p.info == x:
                    px = p
                prev = p
                p = p.link

            if px is not None:
                prev.link = px
            else:
                print(f"💔 Sorry! {x} is not in the list.")


        except Exception as e:
            print("💛 Error: ", e)


    def merge_using_new_list(self, list2):
        """
        Merges two already sorted SLLs by creating new lists
        """
        merge_list = SingleLinkedList()
        merge_list.start = self._merge_using_new_list(self.start, list2.start)
        return merge_list

    def _merge_using_new_list(self, p1, p2):
        """
        Private method of merge_using_new_list
        """
        if p1.info <= p2.info:
            Start_merge = Node(p1.info)
            p1 = p1.link
        else:
            Start_merge = Node(p2.info)
            p2 = p2.link            
        pM = Start_merge

        while p1 is not None and p2 is not None:
            if p1.info <= p2.info:
                pM.link = Node(p1.info)
                p1 = p1.link
            else:
                pM.link = Node(p2.info)
                p2 = p2.link
            pM = pM.link

        #If the second list is finished, yet the first list has some nodes
        while p1 is not None:
            pM.link = Node(p1.info)
            p1 = p1.link
            pM = pM.link

        #If the second list is finished, yet the first list has some nodes
        while p2 is not None:
            pM.link = Node(p2.info)
            p2 = p2.link
            pM = pM.link

        return Start_merge

    def merge_inplace(self, list2):
        """
        Merges two already sorted SLLs in place in O(1) of space
        """
        merge_list = SingleLinkedList()
        merge_list.start = self._merge_inplace(self.start, list2.start)
        return merge_list

    def _merge_inplace(self, p1, p2):
        """
        Merges two already sorted SLLs in place in O(1) of space
        """
        if p1.info <= p2.info:
            Start_merge = p1
            p1 = p1.link
        else:
            Start_merge = p2
            p2 = p2.link
        pM = Start_merge

        while p1 is not None and p2 is not None:
            if p1.info <= p2.info:
                pM.link = p1
                pM = pM.link
                p1 = p1.link
            else:
                pM.link = p2
                pM = pM.link
                p2 = p2.link

        if p1 is None:
            pM.link = p2
        else:
            pM.link = p1

        return Start_merge

    def merge_sort_sll(self):
        """
        Sorts the linked list using merge sort algorithm
        """
        self.start = self._merge_sort_recursive(self.start)


    def _merge_sort_recursive(self, list_start):
        """
        Recursively calls the merge sort algorithm for two divided lists
        """

        # If the list is empty or has only one node
        if list_start is None or list_start.link is None:
            return list_start

        # If the list has two nodes or more
        start_one = list_start
        start_two = self._divide_list(self_start)
        start_one = self._merge_sort_recursive(start_one)
        start_two = self._merge_sort_recursive(start_two)
        start_merge = self._merge_inplace(start_one, start_two)

        return start_merge

    def _divide_list(self, p):
        """
        Divides the linked list into two almost equally sized lists
        """

        # Refers to the third nodes of the list
        q = p.link.link

        while q is not None and p is not None:
            # Increments p one node at the time
            p = p.link
            # Increments q two nodes at the time
            q = q.link.link

        start_two = p.link
        p.link = None

        return start_two

    def concat_second_list_to_sll(self, list2):
        """
        Concatenates another SLL to an existing SLL
        """

        # If the second SLL has no node
        if list2.start is None:
            return

        # If the original SLL has no node
        if self.start is None:
            self.start = list2.start
            return

        # Otherwise traverse the original SLL
        p = self.start
        while p.link is not None:
            p = p.link

        # Link the last node to the first node of the second SLL
        p.link = list2.start



    def test_merge_using_new_list_and_inplace(self):
        """

        """

        LIST_ONE = SingleLinkedList()
        LIST_TWO = SingleLinkedList()

        LIST_ONE.create_single_linked_list()
        LIST_TWO.create_single_linked_list()

        print("1️⃣  The unsorted first list is: ")
        LIST_ONE.display_sll()

        print("2️⃣  The unsorted second list is: ")
        LIST_TWO.display_sll()


        LIST_ONE.bubble_sort_sll_nodes_data()
        LIST_TWO.bubble_sort_sll_nodes_data()

        print("1️⃣  The sorted first list is: ")
        LIST_ONE.display_sll()

        print("2️⃣  The sorted second list is: ")
        LIST_TWO.display_sll()

        LIST_THREE = LIST_ONE.merge_using_new_list(LIST_TWO)

        print("The merged list by creating a new list is: ")
        LIST_THREE.display_sll()


        LIST_FOUR = LIST_ONE.merge_inplace(LIST_TWO)

        print("The in-place merged list is: ")
        LIST_FOUR.display_sll()     


    def test_all_methods(self):
        """
        Tests all methods of the SLL class
        """

        OPTIONS_HELP = """
📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗
    Select a method from 1-19:                                                          
🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒
        ℹ️   (1)    👉  Create a single liked list (SLL).
        ℹ️   (2)    👉  Display the SLL.                            
        ℹ️   (3)    👉  Count the nodes of SLL. 
        ℹ️   (4)    👉  Search the SLL.
        ℹ️   (5)    👉  Insert a node at the beginning of the SLL.
        ℹ️   (6)    👉  Insert a node at the end of the SLL.
        ℹ️   (7)    👉  Insert a node after a specified node of the SLL.
        ℹ️   (8)    👉  Insert a node before a specified node of the SLL.
        ℹ️   (9)    👉  Delete the first node of SLL.
        ℹ️   (10)   👉  Delete the last node of the SLL.
        ℹ️   (11)   👉  Delete a node you wish to remove.                           
        ℹ️   (12)   👉  Reverse the SLL.
        ℹ️   (13)   👉  Bubble sort the SLL by only exchanging the integer values.  
        ℹ️   (14)   👉  Bubble sort the SLL by exchanging links.                    
        ℹ️   (15)   👉  Merge sort the SLL.
        ℹ️   (16)   👉  Insert a cycle in the SLL.
        ℹ️   (17)   👉  Detect if the SLL has a cycle.
        ℹ️   (18)   👉  Remove cycle in the SLL.
        ℹ️   (19)   👉  Test merging two bubble-sorted SLLs.
        ℹ️   (20)   👉  Concatenate a second list to the SLL. 
        ℹ️   (21)   👉  Exit.
📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗📗
        """


        self.create_single_linked_list()

        while True:

            print(OPTIONS_HELP)

            UI_OPTION = int(input("👉   Enter an integer for the method you wish to run using the above help: "))

            if UI_OPTION == 1:
                data = int(input("👉   Enter an integer to be inserted at the end of the list: "))
                x = int(input("👉   Enter an integer to be inserted after that: "))
                self.insert_node_after_another(data, x)
            elif UI_OPTION == 2:
                self.display_sll()
            elif UI_OPTION == 3:
                self.count_sll_nodes()
            elif UI_OPTION == 4:
                data = int(input("👉   Enter an integer to be searched: "))
                self.search_sll_nodes(data)
            elif UI_OPTION == 5:
                data = int(input("👉   Enter an integer to be inserted at the beginning: "))
                self.insert_node_in_beginning(data)
            elif UI_OPTION == 6:
                data = int(input("👉   Enter an integer to be inserted at the end: "))
                self.insert_node_at_end(data)
            elif UI_OPTION == 7:
                data = int(input("👉   Enter an integer to be inserted: "))
                x = int(input("👉   Enter an integer to be inserted before that: "))
                self.insert_node_before_another(data, x)
            elif UI_OPTION == 8:
                data = int(input("👉   Enter an integer for the node to be inserted: "))
                k = int(input("👉   Enter an integer for the position at which you wish to insert the node: "))
                self.insert_node_before_another(data, k)
            elif UI_OPTION == 9:
                self.delete_sll_first_node()
            elif UI_OPTION == 10:
                self.delete_sll_last_node()
            elif UI_OPTION == 11:
                data = int(input("👉   Enter an integer for the node you wish to remove: "))
                self.delete_a_node(data)
            elif UI_OPTION == 12:
                self.reverse_sll()
            elif UI_OPTION == 13:
                self.bubble_sort_sll_nodes_data()
            elif UI_OPTION == 14:
                self.bubble_sort_sll()
            elif UI_OPTION == 15:
                self.merge_sort_sll()
            elif UI_OPTION == 16:
                data = int(input("👉   Enter an integer at which a cycle has to be formed: "))
                self.insert_cycle_in_sll(data)
            elif UI_OPTION == 17:
                if self.sll_has_cycle():
                    print("💛 The linked list has a cycle. ")
                else:
                    print("💚 YAAAY! The linked list does not have a cycle. ")
            elif UI_OPTION == 18:
                self.remove_cycle_from_sll()
            elif UI_OPTION == 19:
                self.test_merge_using_new_list_and_inplace()
            elif UI_OPTION == 20:
                list2 = self.create_single_linked_list()
                self.concat_second_list_to_sll(list2)
            elif UI_OPTION == 21:
                break
            else:
                print("💛 Option must be an integer, between 1 to 21.")

            print()     



if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Instantiates a new SLL object
    SLL_OBJECT = SingleLinkedList()
    SLL_OBJECT.test_all_methods()

Question 25

Expanding Nick Stinemates’s answer

class Node(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.data = None
        self.next = None

class LinkedList:
    def __init__(self):
        self.head = None

    def prepend_node(self, data):
        new_node = Node()
        new_node.data = data
        new_node.next = self.head
        self.head = new_node

    def append_node(self, data):
        new_node = Node()
        new_node.data = data
        current = self.head
        while current.next:
            current = current.next
        current.next = new_node

    def reverse(self):
        """ In-place reversal, modifies exiting list"""
        previous = None
        current_node = self.head

        while current_node:
            temp =  current_node.next
            current_node.next = previous
            previous = current_node
            current_node = temp
        self.head = previous

    def search(self, data):
        current_node = self.head
        try:
            while current_node.data != data:
                current_node = current_node.next
            return True
        except:
            return False

    def display(self):
        if self.head is None:
            print("Linked list is empty")
        else:
            current_node = self.head
            while current_node:
                print(current_node.data)
                current_node = current_node.next

    def list_length(self):
        list_length = 0
        current_node = self.head
        while current_node:
            list_length += 1
            current_node = current_node.next
        return list_length


def main():
    linked_list = LinkedList()

    linked_list.prepend_node(1)
    linked_list.prepend_node(2)
    linked_list.prepend_node(3)
    linked_list.append_node(24)
    linked_list.append_node(25)
    linked_list.display()
    linked_list.reverse()
    linked_list.display()
    print(linked_list.search(1))
    linked_list.reverse()
    linked_list.display()
    print("Lenght of singly linked list is: " + str(linked_list.list_length()))


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Question 26

My 2 cents

class Node:
    def __init__(self, value=None, next=None):
        self.value = value
        self.next = next

    def __str__(self):
        return str(self.value)


class LinkedList:
    def __init__(self):
        self.first = None
        self.last = None

    def add(self, x):
        current = Node(x, None)
        try:
            self.last.next = current
        except AttributeError:
            self.first = current
            self.last = current
        else:
            self.last = current

    def print_list(self):
        node = self.first
        while node:
            print node.value
            node = node.next

ll = LinkedList()
ll.add("1st")
ll.add("2nd")
ll.add("3rd")
ll.add("4th")
ll.add("5th")

ll.print_list()

# Result: 
# 1st
# 2nd
# 3rd
# 4th
# 5th

Question 27

enter code here
enter code here

class node:
    def __init__(self):
        self.data = None
        self.next = None
class linked_list:
    def __init__(self):
        self.cur_node = None
        self.head = None
    def add_node(self,data):
        new_node = node()
        if self.head == None:
            self.head = new_node
            self.cur_node = new_node
        new_node.data = data
        new_node.next = None
        self.cur_node.next = new_node
        self.cur_node = new_node
    def list_print(self):
        node = self.head
        while node:
            print (node.data)
            node = node.next
    def delete(self):
        node = self.head
        next_node = node.next
        del(node)
        self.head = next_node
a = linked_list()
a.add_node(1)
a.add_node(2)
a.add_node(3)
a.add_node(4)
a.delete()
a.list_print()

Question 28

my double Linked List might be understandable to noobies. If you are familiar with DS in C, this is quite readable.

# LinkedList..

class node:
    def __init__(self):           ##Cluster of Nodes' properties 
        self.data=None
        self.next=None
        self.prev=None

class linkedList():
    def __init__(self):
        self.t = node()                    // for future use
        self.cur_node = node()             // current node
        self.start=node()

    def add(self,data):                          // appending the LL

        self.new_node = node()
        self.new_node.data=data
        if self.cur_node.data is None:          
            self.start=self.new_node               //For the 1st node only

        self.cur_node.next=self.new_node
        self.new_node.prev=self.cur_node
        self.cur_node=self.new_node


    def backward_display(self):                  //Displays LL backwards
        self.t=self.cur_node
        while self.t.data is not None:
            print(self.t.data)
            self.t=self.t.prev

    def forward_display(self):                   //Displays LL Forward
        self.t=self.start
        while self.t.data is not None:
            print(self.t.data)
            self.t=self.t.next
            if self.t.next is None:
                print(self.t.data)
                break

    def main(self):                          //This is kind of the main 
                                               function in C
        ch=0
        while ch is not 4:                    //Switch-case in C 
            ch=int(input("Enter your choice:"))
            if ch is 1:
                data=int(input("Enter data to be added:"))
                ll.add(data)
                ll.main()
            elif ch is 2:
                ll.forward_display()
                ll.main()
            elif ch is 3:
                ll.backward_display()
                ll.main()
            else:
                print("Program ends!!")
                return


ll=linkedList()
ll.main()

Though many more simplifications can be added to this code, I thought a raw implementation would me more grabbable.

Question 29

If you want to just create a simple liked list then refer this code

l=[1,[2,[3,[4,[5,[6,[7,[8,[9,[10]]]]]]]]]]

for visualize execution for this cod Visit http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit

问题：Python链表

回答 0

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回答 6

llist — Python的链接列表数据类型

dllist对象

first

last

append(x)

appendleft(x)

appendright(x)

clear()

extend(iterable)

extendleft(iterable)

extendright(iterable)

insert(x[, before])

nodeat(index)

pop()

popleft()

popright()

remove(node)

dllistnode 对象

类 llist.dllistnode([value])

dllistnode 对象提供以下属性：

next

prev

value

清单

llist — Linked list datatypes for Python

dllist objects

first

last

append(x)

appendleft(x)

appendright(x)

clear()

extend(iterable)

extendleft(iterable)

extendright(iterable)

insert(x[, before])

nodeat(index)

pop()

popleft()

popright()

remove(node)

dllistnode objects

class llist.dllistnode([value])

dllistnode objects provide the following attributes:

next

prev

value

sllist

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回答 27

有趣好用的Python教程

`first`

`last`

`append(x)`

`appendleft(x)`

`appendright(x)`

`clear()`

`extend(iterable)`

`extendleft(iterable)`

`extendright(iterable)`

`insert(x[, before])`

`nodeat(index)`

`pop()`

`popleft()`

`popright()`

`remove(node)`

`dllistnode` 对象

类 `llist.dllistnode([value])`

`dllistnode` 对象提供以下属性：

`next`

`prev`

`value`

`first`

`last`

`append(x)`

`appendleft(x)`

`appendright(x)`

`clear()`

`extend(iterable)`

`extendleft(iterable)`

`extendright(iterable)`

`insert(x[, before])`

`nodeat(index)`

`pop()`

`popleft()`

`popright()`

`remove(node)`

`dllistnode` objects

class `llist.dllistnode([value])`

`dllistnode` objects provide the following attributes:

`next`

`prev`

`value`