标签归档：macos

知识问答

如何使用conda升级到Python 3.6？

问题：如何使用conda升级到Python 3.6？

我是Conda软件包管理的新手，我想获取最新版本的Python以在代码中使用f字符串。目前，我的版本是（python -V）：

Python 3.5.2 :: Anaconda 4.2.0 (x86_64)

如何升级到Python 3.6？

点击查看英文原文

I’m new to Conda package management and I want to get the latest version of Python to use f-strings in my code. Currently my version is (python -V):

Python 3.5.2 :: Anaconda 4.2.0 (x86_64)

How would I upgrade to Python 3.6?

回答 0

Anaconda尚未将python内部更新为3.6。

a）方法1

  1. 如果要更新，请输入 conda update python
  2. 更新anaconda类型 conda update anaconda

  3. 如果要在主要的python版本（例如3.5到3.6）之间升级，则必须

    conda install python=$pythonversion$

b）方法2-创建一个新环境（更好的方法）

conda create --name py36 python=3.6

c）要获取绝对最新的python（在撰写本文时为3.6.5）

conda create --name py365 python=3.6.5 --channel conda-forge

您可以从这里看到所有这些

另外，请参阅此以进行强制升级

编辑：Anaconda现在在这里具有Python 3.6版本

点击查看英文原文

Anaconda has not updated python internally to 3.6.

a) Method 1

  1. If you wanted to update you will type conda update python
  2. To update anaconda type conda update anaconda

  3. If you want to upgrade between major python version like 3.5 to 3.6, you’ll have to do

    conda install python=$pythonversion$

b) Method 2 – Create a new environment (Better Method)

conda create --name py36 python=3.6

c) To get the absolute latest python(3.6.5 at time of writing)

conda create --name py365 python=3.6.5 --channel conda-forge

You can see all this from here

Also, refer to this for force upgrading

EDIT: Anaconda now has a Python 3.6 version here

回答 1

创建一个新环境将安装python 3.6：

$ conda create --name 3point6 python=3.6
Fetching package metadata .......
Solving package specifications: ..........

Package plan for installation in environment /Users/dstansby/miniconda3/envs/3point6:

The following NEW packages will be INSTALLED:

    openssl:    1.0.2j-0     
    pip:        9.0.1-py36_1 
    python:     3.6.0-0      
    readline:   6.2-2        
    setuptools: 27.2.0-py36_0
    sqlite:     3.13.0-0     
    tk:         8.5.18-0     
    wheel:      0.29.0-py36_0
    xz:         5.2.2-1      
    zlib:       1.2.8-3
点击查看英文原文

Creating a new environment will install python 3.6:

$ conda create --name 3point6 python=3.6
Fetching package metadata .......
Solving package specifications: ..........

Package plan for installation in environment /Users/dstansby/miniconda3/envs/3point6:

The following NEW packages will be INSTALLED:

    openssl:    1.0.2j-0     
    pip:        9.0.1-py36_1 
    python:     3.6.0-0      
    readline:   6.2-2        
    setuptools: 27.2.0-py36_0
    sqlite:     3.13.0-0     
    tk:         8.5.18-0     
    wheel:      0.29.0-py36_0
    xz:         5.2.2-1      
    zlib:       1.2.8-3

回答 2

我在此页面上找到了有关将Anaconda升级到Python的主要更新版本（从Anaconda 4.0+）的详细说明。第一，

conda update conda
conda remove argcomplete conda-manager

我还需要conda remove一些不在官方清单中的软件包：

  • backports_abc
  • 美丽的汤
  • 火焰芯

根据系统上安装的软件包，您可能会遇到其他UnsatisfiableError错误-只需将这些软件包添加到删除列表中即可。接下来，安装Python版本，

conda install python==3.6

这需要一段时间，之后显示消息给conda install anaconda-client，所以我做了

conda install anaconda-client

说它已经在那里。最后，按照指示进行

conda update anaconda

我是在Windows 10命令提示符下执行此操作的，但在Mac OS X中应该与此类似。

点击查看英文原文

I found this page with detailed instructions to upgrade Anaconda to a major newer version of Python (from Anaconda 4.0+). First,

conda update conda
conda remove argcomplete conda-manager

I also had to conda remove some packages not on the official list:

  • backports_abc
  • beautiful-soup
  • blaze-core

Depending on packages installed on your system, you may get additional UnsatisfiableError errors – simply add those packages to the remove list. Next, install the version of Python,

conda install python==3.6

which takes a while, after which a message indicated to conda install anaconda-client, so I did

conda install anaconda-client

which said it’s already there. Finally, following the directions, 

conda update anaconda

I did this in the Windows 10 command prompt, but things should be similar in Mac OS X.

回答 3

过去，我发现尝试就地升级非常困难。

注意：我对Anaconda的用例是作为一个多合一的Python环境。我不用理会单独的虚拟环境。如果您conda用于创建环境，这可能具有破坏性，因为conda创建的Anaconda/envs目录中包含硬链接的环境。

因此，如果您使用环境，则可能首先要导出环境。激活环境后，请执行以下操作：

conda env export > environment.yml

备份环境后（如有必要），您可以删除旧的Anaconda（卸载Anaconda非常简单）：

$ rm -rf ~/anaconda3/

并通过下载新的Anaconda（例如64位Linux）来替换它：

$ cd ~/Downloads
$ wget https://repo.continuum.io/archive/Anaconda3-4.3.0-Linux-x86_64.sh

（有关最新信息，请参见此处），

然后执行它：

$ bash Anaconda3-4.3.0-Linux-x86_64.sh
点击查看英文原文

In the past, I have found it quite difficult to try to upgrade in-place.

Note: my use-case for Anaconda is as an all-in-one Python environment. I don’t bother with separate virtual environments. If you’re using conda to create environments, this may be destructive because conda creates environments with hard-links inside your Anaconda/envs directory.

So if you use environments, you may first want to export your environments. After activating your environment, do something like:

conda env export > environment.yml

After backing up your environments (if necessary), you may remove your old Anaconda (it’s very simple to uninstall Anaconda):

$ rm -rf ~/anaconda3/

and replace it by downloading the new Anaconda, e.g. Linux, 64 bit:

$ cd ~/Downloads
$ wget https://repo.continuum.io/archive/Anaconda3-4.3.0-Linux-x86_64.sh

(see here for a more recent one),

and then executing it:

$ bash Anaconda3-4.3.0-Linux-x86_64.sh

回答 4

我正在使用Mac OS Mojave

这四个步骤对我有用。

  1. conda update conda
  2. conda install python=3.6
  3. conda install anaconda-client
  4. conda update anaconda
点击查看英文原文

I’m using a Mac OS Mojave

These 4 steps worked for me.

  1. conda update conda
  2. conda install python=3.6
  3. conda install anaconda-client
  4. conda update anaconda

回答 5

我发现的最佳方法：

source activate old_env
conda env export > old_env.yml

然后使用以下方法进行处理：

with open('old_env.yml', 'r') as fin, open('new_env.yml', 'w') as fout:
    for line in fin:
        if 'py35' in line:  # replace by the version you want to supersede
            line = line[:line.rfind('=')] + '\n'
        fout.write(line)

然后手动编辑第一行（name: ...）和最后一行（prefix: ...）以反映您的新环境名称并运行：

conda env create -f new_env.yml

您可能需要手动删除或更改一些软件包的版本标记，而对于这些软件包，固定的版本old_env与新python版本不兼容或丢失。

我希望有一个内置的，更简单的方法…

点击查看英文原文

Best method I found:

source activate old_env
conda env export > old_env.yml

Then process it with something like this:

with open('old_env.yml', 'r') as fin, open('new_env.yml', 'w') as fout:
    for line in fin:
        if 'py35' in line:  # replace by the version you want to supersede
            line = line[:line.rfind('=')] + '\n'
        fout.write(line)

then edit manually the first (name: ...) and last line (prefix: ...) to reflect your new environment name and run:

conda env create -f new_env.yml

you might need to remove or change manually the version pin of a few packages for which which the pinned version from old_env is found incompatible or missing for the new python version.

I wish there was a built-in, easier way…

知识问答

如何在Mac OS上安装2个Anacondas（Python 2和3）

问题：如何在Mac OS上安装2个Anacondas（Python 2和3）

我在Mac OS中比较新。我刚刚使用最新的Python 3（针对我自己）安装了XCode（针对c ++编译器）和Anaconda。现在我想知道如何使用Python 2正确安装第二个Anaconda（用于工作）？

我需要两个版本都可以与iPython和Spyder IDE一起使用。理想的方法是拥有完全独立的Python环境。例如，我希望我可以conda install scikit-learn为Python 3环境编写类似的东西，而conda2 install scikit-learn为Python 2 环境编写类似的东西。

点击查看英文原文

I’m relatively new in Mac OS. I’ve just installed XCode (for c++ compiler) and Anaconda with the latest Python 3 (for myself). Now I’m wondering how to install properly second Anaconda (for work) with Python 2?

I need both versions to work with iPython and Spyder IDE. Ideal way is to have totally separate Python environments. For example, I wish I could write like conda install scikit-learn for Python 3 environment and something like conda2 install scikit-learn for Python 2.

回答 0

无需再次安装Anaconda。Anaconda的软件包管理器Conda完全支持分离的环境。为Python 2.7创建环境的最简单方法是

conda create -n python2 python=2.7 anaconda

这将创建一个名为python2Python Anaconda的环境。您可以使用

source activate python2

这会将那个环境（通常是~/anaconda/envs/python2）放在您的前面PATH，这样当您python在终端上键入内容时，它将从该环境中加载Python。

如果您不希望使用Anaconda的全部功能，则可以anaconda在上面的命令中将其替换为所需的任何软件包。您可以conda稍后使用-n python2标记conda或激活环境，以在该环境中安装软件包。

点击查看英文原文

There is no need to install Anaconda again. Conda, the package manager for Anaconda, fully supports separated environments. The easiest way to create an environment for Python 2.7 is to do

conda create -n python2 python=2.7 anaconda

This will create an environment named python2 that contains the Python 2.7 version of Anaconda. You can activate this environment with

source activate python2

This will put that environment (typically ~/anaconda/envs/python2) in front in your PATH, so that when you type python at the terminal it will load the Python from that environment.

If you don’t want all of Anaconda, you can replace anaconda in the command above with whatever packages you want. You can use conda to install packages in that environment later, either by using the -n python2 flag to conda, or by activating the environment.

回答 1

编辑！：请确保您在计算机上同时安装了两个Python。

也许我的答案对您来说太迟了，但我可以帮助遇到同样问题的人！

您不必同时下载两者Anaconda。

如果你正在使用Spyder和JupyterAnaconda的环境下和，

如果您已经有Anaconda 2输入终端：

    python3 -m pip install ipykernel

    python3 -m ipykernel install --user

如果您已经有Anaconda 3，则输入终端：

    python2 -m pip install ipykernel

    python2 -m ipykernel install --user

然后在使用之前，Spyder您可以选择如下所示的Python环境！有时只有您可以看到root和新的Python环境，因此root是您的第一个anaconda环境！

这也是Jupyter。您可以选择像这样的python版本！

希望对您有所帮助。

点击查看英文原文

Edit!: Please be sure that you should have both Python installed on your computer.

Maybe my answer is late for you but I can help someone who has the same problem!

You don’t have to download both Anaconda.

If you are using Spyder and Jupyter in Anaconda environmen and,

If you have already Anaconda 2 type in Terminal:

    python3 -m pip install ipykernel

    python3 -m ipykernel install --user

If you have already Anaconda 3 then type in terminal:

    python2 -m pip install ipykernel

    python2 -m ipykernel install --user

Then before use Spyder you can choose Python environment like below! Sometimes only you can see root and your new Python environment, so root is your first anaconda environment!

Also this is Jupyter. You can choose python version like this!

I hope it will help.

回答 2

如果您安装了多个python版本并且不知道如何告诉您的助手使用特定版本，这可能会有所帮助。

  1. 安装anaconda。最新版本可以在这里找到
  2. 通过输入anaconda-navigator终端打开导航器
  3. 开放环境。点击create，然后在其中选择您的python版本。
  4. 现在将为您的python版本创建新的环境，您只需单击即可安装IDE（在此处列出）install。
  5. 在您的环境中启动IDE，以便该IDE将在该环境中使用指定的版本。

希望能帮助到你！！

点击查看英文原文

This may be helpful if you have more than one python versions installed and dont know how to tell your ide’s to use a specific version.

  1. Install anaconda. Latest version can be found here
  2. Open the navigator by typing anaconda-navigator in terminal
  3. Open environments. Click on create and then choose your python version in that.
  4. Now new environment will be created for your python version and you can install the IDE’s(which are listed there) just by clicking install in that.
  5. Launch the IDE in your environment so that that IDE will use the specified version for that environment.

Hope it helps!!

知识问答

如何从macOS完全卸载Anaconda

问题：如何从macOS完全卸载Anaconda

如何从MacOS Sierra完全卸载Anaconda并恢复为原始Python？我试过使用，conda-clean -yes但不起作用。我也删除了其中的内容，~/.bash_profile但是它仍然使用Anaconda python，并且我仍然可以运行conda命令。

点击查看英文原文

How can I completely uninstall Anaconda from MacOS Sierra and revert back to the original Python? I have tried using conda-clean -yes but that doesn’t work. I also remove the stuff in ~/.bash_profile but it still uses the Anaconda python and I can still run the conda command.

回答 0

删除配置：

conda install anaconda-clean
anaconda-clean --yes

删除配置后，您可以删除anaconda安装文件夹，该文件夹通常位于主目录下：

rm -rf ~/anaconda3

另外，该anaconda-clean --yes命令还会在您的主目录中以格式创建备份~/.anaconda_backup/<timestamp>。确保也删除该一个。

编辑（v5.2.0）：现在，如果您要清除所有内容，则还必须删除添加到的最后两行.bash_profile。他们看着像是：

# added by Anaconda3 5.2.0 installer
export PATH="/Users/ody/anaconda3/bin:$PATH"
点击查看英文原文

To remove the configs:

conda install anaconda-clean
anaconda-clean --yes

Once the configs are removed you can delete the anaconda install folder, which is usually under your home dir:

rm -rf ~/anaconda3

Also, the anaconda-clean --yes command creates a backup in your home directory of the format ~/.anaconda_backup/<timestamp>. Make sure to delete that one also.

EDIT (v5.2.0): Now if you want to clean all, you will also have to delete the two last lines added to your .bash_profile. They look like:

# added by Anaconda3 5.2.0 installer
export PATH="/Users/ody/anaconda3/bin:$PATH"

回答 1

要卸载Anaconda，请打开终端窗口：

  1. 删除整个anaconda安装目录： 
rm -rf ~/anaconda
  1. 编辑~/.bash_profile 并从您的PATH环境变量中删除anaconda目录。

注意：您可能需要编辑.bashrc和/或.profile文件而不是.bash_profile

  1. 删除以下隐藏的文件和目录，这些文件和目录可能是在主目录中创建的：

    • .condarc
    • .conda
    • .continuum

用：

rm -rf ~/.condarc ~/.conda ~/.continuum
点击查看英文原文

To uninstall Anaconda open a terminal window:

  1. Remove the entire anaconda installation directory: 
rm -rf ~/anaconda
  1. Edit ~/.bash_profile and remove the anaconda directory from your PATH environment variable.

Note: You may need to edit .bashrc and/or .profile files instead of .bash_profile

  1. Remove the following hidden files and directories, which may have been created in the home directory:

    • .condarc
    • .conda
    • .continuum

Use:

rm -rf ~/.condarc ~/.conda ~/.continuum

回答 2

就我而言（Mac High Sierra），它安装在〜/ opt / anaconda3上。

https://docs.anaconda.com/anaconda/install/uninstall/

点击查看英文原文

In my case (Mac High Sierra) it was installed at ~/opt/anaconda3.

https://docs.anaconda.com/anaconda/install/uninstall/

回答 3

打开终端，并输入以下命令，删除整个Anaconda目录，该目录的名称将为“ anaconda2”或“ anaconda3”，例如：rm -rf〜/ anaconda3。然后使用命令“ conda uninstall” https://conda.io/docs/commands/conda-uninstall.html删除conda 。

点击查看英文原文

Open the terminal and remove your entire Anaconda directory, which will have a name such as “anaconda2” or “anaconda3”, by entering the following command: rm -rf ~/anaconda3. Then remove conda with command “conda uninstall” https://conda.io/docs/commands/conda-uninstall.html.

回答 4

这是anaconda在删除Anaconda之后有一个条目破坏了我的python安装的地方。希望这对其他人有帮助。

如果您使用的是纱，我在〜/“用户名”的.yarn.rc文件中找到了此条目

python“ / Users / someone / anaconda3 / bin / python3”

删除此行固定了彻底删除所需的最后一个位置。我不确定如何添加该条目，但它有帮助

点击查看英文原文

This is one more place that anaconda had an entry that was breaking my python install after removing Anaconda. Hoping this helps someone else.

If you are using yarn, I found this entry in my .yarn.rc file in ~/”username”

python “/Users/someone/anaconda3/bin/python3”

removing this line fixed one last place needed for complete removal. I am not sure how that entry was added but it helped

回答 5

在执行了辣木和jkysam的非常有用的建议而没有立即获得成功后，需要简单地重新启动Mac才能使系统识别出更改。希望这对某人有帮助！

点击查看英文原文

After performing the very helpful suggestions from both spicyramen & jkysam without immediate success, a simple restart of my Mac was needed to make the system recognize the changes. Hope this helps someone!

回答 6

这对我有用：

conda remove --all --prefix /Users/username/anaconda/bin/python

然后从.bash_profile中的$ PATH中删除

点击查看英文原文

This has worked for me:

conda remove --all --prefix /Users/username/anaconda/bin/python

then also remove from $PATH in .bash_profile

回答 7

在我的〜/ .bash_profile文件中添加export PATH="/Users/<username>/anaconda/bin:$PATH"（或export PATH="/Users/<username>/anaconda3/bin:$PATH"如果您有anaconda 3），可以为我解决此问题。

点击查看英文原文

Adding export PATH="/Users/<username>/anaconda/bin:$PATH" (or export PATH="/Users/<username>/anaconda3/bin:$PATH" if you have anaconda 3) to my ~/.bash_profile file, fixed this issue for me.

回答 8

官方说明似乎在这里：https : //docs.anaconda.com/anaconda/install/uninstall/

但是，如果您喜欢我，由于某种原因而无法使用，并且由于某种原因您的conda却安装在其他地方，并告诉您这样做：

rm -rf ~/opt

我不知道为什么将它保存在那里，但这就是我的目的。

这对我修复conda安装很有用（如果这是您像我这样首先卸载它的原因）：https : //stackoverflow.com/a/60902863/1601580最后为我修复了它。不知道为什么conda首先表现得很怪异，或者为什么错误地首先把东西安装了……

点击查看英文原文

The official instructions seem to be here: https://docs.anaconda.com/anaconda/install/uninstall/

but if you like me that didn’t work for some reason and for some reason your conda was installed somewhere else with telling you do this:

rm -rf ~/opt

I have no idea why it was saved there but that’s what did it for me.

This was useful to me in fixing my conda installation (if that is the reason you are uninstalling it in the first place like me): https://stackoverflow.com/a/60902863/1601580 that ended up fixing it for me. Not sure why conda was acting weird in the first place or installing things wrongly in the first place though…

知识问答

在Mac OS X上，适用于Python的IDE是什么？[关闭]

问题：在Mac OS X上，适用于Python的IDE是什么？[关闭]

我将开始一项新工作，其中的编码实践主要围绕TDD和重构进行，并且其主要开发语言是Python。我来自Java世界，长期以来一直是Eclipse的自信用户。不使用Java时，我使用emacs。

我正在寻找一个适用于Python的IDE，该IDE将提供与Eclipse一起使用的许多功能，不仅用于重构，而且还涉及代码完成，项目管理，SCM集成（当前为CVS，但可能这些天之一切换到git）等。

我应该使用哪种IDE？

点击查看英文原文

I’m about to start a new job where the coding practices are heavily centered around TDD and refactoring, and whose primary development language is Python. I come from the Java world, and have been a confident user of Eclipse for a good, long time. When not working in Java, I use emacs.

I’m looking for an IDE for Python that will give me a lot of the capabilities I’ve grown used to with Eclipse, not only for refactoring but in terms of code completion, project management, SCM integration (currently CVS, but likely to switch to git one of these days) et al.

What IDE should I use?

回答 0

尝试了许多不同的方法（Kate，Eclipse，Scite，Vim，Komodo）：每个函数都有一些故障，要么功能有限，要么反应缓慢且反应迟钝。多年后的最终选择：Emacs + ropemas + flymake。绳索项目文件打开对话框非常快捷。绳索重构和代码辅助功能非常有用。Flymake显示语法错误。Emacs是最可配置的编辑器。我对此配置感到非常满意。配置的Python相关部分位于此处：public.halogen-dg.com浏览器/alex-emacs-settings/configs/cfg_python.el

点击查看英文原文

Have tried many different (Kate, Eclipse, Scite, Vim, Komodo): each one have some glitches, either limited functions, or slow and unresponsive. Final choice after many years: Emacs + ropemacs + flymake. Rope project file open dialog is extremely quick. Rope refactoring and code assist functions are super helpful. Flymake shows syntax mistakes. Emacs is the most configurable editor. I am very happy with this config. Python related part of config is here: public.halogen-dg.com browser/alex-emacs-settings/configs/cfg_python.el

回答 1

我的2便士，请查看PyCharm http://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/

（也是多平台的）

点击查看英文原文

My 2 pennies, check out PyCharm http://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/

(also multi-platform)

回答 2

我将TextMate用于我的所有Python编程需求。它本身并不是一个IDE，但是它可以做很多IDE可以做的事情（没有IDE的全部麻烦）。它具有语法突出显示，代码折叠，通过使用其他捆绑软件与各种SCM集成（我知道它支持SVN，Git，Mercurial，Darcs以及其他一些支持）。它也具有相当的可扩展性和可定制性（再次通过使用包）。它还具有项目的基本概念。但是，它不发光的一个地方是代码完成。一些捆绑软件对代码完成的支持有限，但是通常不像大多数特定语言的IDE那样令人惊奇。但是，鉴于TextMate的出色表现，我不知道要牺牲多少。TextMate绝对使我的工作效率更高。

点击查看英文原文

I use TextMate for all my Python programming needs. It’s not an IDE per se, but it does a lot of stuff that an IDE does (without all the cruft of an IDE). It has syntax highlighting, code folding, integration with various SCMs through the use of additional bundles (I know it supports SVN, Git, Mercurial, Darcs, and probably a few others). It’s also quite extensible and customizable (again, through the use of bundles). It also has a basic concept of projects. One place where it doesn’t shine, though, is in code completion; some bundles have limited support for code completion, but it’s generally not as amazing as that of most language-specific IDEs. Given how awesome TextMate is, though, I don’t know sacrificing that. TextMate’s definitely made me much more productive.

回答 3

正如其他人所提到的，用于Eclipse的Pydev很好。

Netbeans有一个Beta版Python插件，边缘有些粗糙，但可能会变得很酷。

此外，有很多针对Mac的以编程为中心的文本编辑器，它们可能满足或不满足您的需求。

  • Textmate-花钱，人们喜欢这个程序，但是我还没有足够用它来了解所有的大惊小怪。
  • Jedit-基于Java的文本编辑器，具有一些不错的功能，但是启动时间并不好（由于Java）。
  • CarbonEmacs-体面的Emacs端口。
  • AquaEmacs-更好的Emacs端口。
  • TextWrangler -Lite，BBEdit的免费版本（如啤酒）。
  • BBEdit-老兵。Textmate之前的事实编辑偷走了风头。昂贵。
  • Smultron-非常好的编辑器，UI类似于Textmate。
  • 空闲 -Python自己的小编辑器，具有一些不错的功能，但也存在一些主要问题。我个人觉得使用起来太不稳定了。
  • Sublime Text（Sublime文本） -这是一个非常好的文本编辑器，具有令人惊讶的良好Python支持。
  • Pycharm-用于Python的IDE上的另一个完整版本。
点击查看英文原文

Pydev for Eclipse, as others have mentioned, is good.

Netbeans has a beta Python plugin that is a little rough around the edges, but could turn into something really cool.

Additionally there is a long list of programming centric text editors for the mac, that may or may not fit your needs.

  • Textmate – costs money, people love this program, but I haven’t used it enough to see what all the fuss is about.
  • Jedit – Java based text editor, has some nice features, but the startup time isn’t great (due to Java).
  • CarbonEmacs – Decent Emacs port.
  • AquaEmacs – Better Emacs port.
  • TextWrangler – Lite, free (as in beer) verision of BBEdit.
  • BBEdit – The old guard. The defacto editor before Textmate stole its limelight. Expensive.
  • Smultron – Very nice editor, the UI is similar to Textmate.
  • Idle – Python’s own little editor, has some nice features, but also some major problems. I’ve personally found it too unstable for my usage.
  • Sublime Text – This is really sweet text editor that has some surprisingly good Python support.
  • Pycharm – Another solid full on IDE for Python.

回答 4

带有Pydev的 Eclipse 在任何平台上最适合我。

点击查看英文原文

Eclipse with Pydev works best for me on any platform.

回答 5

我真的很喜欢使用PyCharm。http://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/

点击查看英文原文

I really enjoy using PyCharm. http://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/

回答 6

我通常将komodo edit或aquamacs与ropemas 一起使用。尽管我应该警告您，但是如果您来自Java或C＃背景，IDE功能将不再是您惯用的功能。我个人发现，功能强大的IDE会比他们提供的帮助更多。

更新：我还应该指出，如果您有钱，Komodo IDE是值得的。这是Komodo Edit的付费版本。

点击查看英文原文

I usually use either komodo edit or aquamacs with ropemacs. Although I should warn you, IDE features won’t be what you’re used to if you’re coming from a Java or C# background. I personally find that powerful IDEs get in my way more than they help.

UPDATE: I should also point out that if you have the money Komodo IDE is worth it. It’s the paid version of Komodo Edit.

回答 7

macvim + pyflakes.vim

点击查看英文原文

macvim + pyflakes.vim

回答 8

我喜欢Spyder，它具有许多工具，例如性能分析，智能缩进帮助器和良好的自动完成支持

https://code.google.com/p/spyderlib/

点击查看英文原文

I like Spyder, it has many tools, such as profiling, intelligent indentation helper and a good autocompletion support

https://code.google.com/p/spyderlib/

回答 9

如果您的IDE有预算，则应尝试Wingware Professional，请参阅wingware.com。

点击查看英文原文

If you have a budget for your IDE, you should give Wingware Professional a try, see wingware.com .

回答 10

我用过WingIDE并感到非常高兴。Intellisense相当不错，其他一些东西虽然有些古怪，但总的来说这是一个非常有效的工具

点击查看英文原文

I’ve used WingIDE and have been very happy. Intellisense is pretty good, some other things are a bit wacky but overall it’s a very productive tool

回答 11

如果您正在寻找一个交互式环境并且不需要编写模块代码，我建议使用IPython。尽管这是在考虑科学家/统计学家的前提下开发的，但是它在没有安装任何科学软件包的情况下也可以正常运行。这些功能强大，具有代码完成，集成的帮助，集成的调试等功能，并且可作为具有Markdown和MathJax集成的笔记本使用。到目前为止，对于那些需要强大功能而又不希望将MB的GUI加载到RAM的用户来说，这是最佳选择-由于它是基于浏览器的，因此可在您始终加载的 chrome / safari实例中使用。;-)

点击查看英文原文

If you are looking for an interactive environment and not needing to code modules, I would suggest IPython. Though this is developed with scientists/statisticians in mind, it will run just as well without any of the scientific packages installed. The features are powerful, with code completion, integrated help, integrated debugging, etc., and it functions as a notebook with Markdown and MathJax integration. By far the best choice for those that need powerful features without wishing to load megabytes of GUI into RAM–since it is browser based, it is used in your always loaded chrome/safari instance. ;-)

回答 12

Eclipse PyDev插件。

http://pydev.sourceforge.net/

点击查看英文原文

Eclipse PyDev plugin.

http://pydev.sourceforge.net/

回答 13

因为您熟悉Eclipse，所以您可能对Pydev感兴趣

点击查看英文原文

since you are familiar with Eclipse maybe you are interested in Pydev

回答 14

Netbeans对Python的支持非常好，并且提供了您正在寻找的大多数功能。

点击查看英文原文

Python support on netbeans is surprisingly good, and comes with most of the features you’re looking for.

回答 15

TextMate或Panic的尾声。如果您需要功能完善的厨房水槽IDE，则NetBeans可以很好地工作。

点击查看英文原文

TextMate or Panic’s Coda. NetBeans works very well, if you want a full-blown kitchen sink IDE.

回答 16

我已经在Google上搜索了类似这样的应用程序一段时间，但我发现只有界面笨拙的选项。

然后，我打开了Mac App Store，找到了CodeRunner。非常漂亮和干净的界面。支持多种语言，如Python，Lua，Perl，Ruby，Javascript等。价格为10美元，但值得！

点击查看英文原文

I’ve searched on Google for an app like this for a while, and I’ve found only options with heavy and ugly interfaces.

Then I opened Mac App Store and found CodeRunner. Very nice and clean interface. Support many languages like Python, Lua, Perl, Ruby, Javascript, etc. The price is U$10, but it’s worth it!

回答 17

“ …的哪个编辑器/ IDE？” 是开始“我的狗比你的狗还漂亮”的长期方法。最棒的 如今，大多数vim向上的编辑器都可以使用，有很多不错的选择，甚至以C或Java工具开头的IDE都可以与Python和其他动态语言很好地兼容。

就是说，在尝试了许多IDE（Eclipse，NetBeans，XCode，Komodo，PyCharm等）之后，我成为ActiveState的Komodo IDE的粉丝。我主要在Mac OS X上使用它，尽管我在Windows上也使用了多年。一个许可证可将您带到任何平台。

Komodo与流行的ActiveState语言本身很好地集成在一起（尤其是Windows），与神话般的（和Pythonic的）Mercurial变更管理系统（以及其他）兼容，并且具有出色的处理核心任务的能力，例如代码编辑，语法着色，代码完成，实时语法检查和可视调试。在预集成的重构和代码检查工具（例如绳索，pylint）方面，它有点弱，但是它是可扩展的，并且具有集成外部工具和定制工具的良好功能。

我喜欢Komodo的某些方面超出了write-run-debug循环。自从动态语言成为趋势之前，ActiveState长期以来就一直为开发社区提供支持（例如，使用免费语言构建，软件包存储库，配方站点等）。基本的Komodo Edit编辑器是免费和开源的，是Mozilla Firefox技术的扩展。科莫多语是多国语言。我永远不会只做Python，Perl或其他任何事情。Komodo使用核心语言（Python，Perl，Ruby，PHP，JavaScript）以及支持语言（XML，XSLT，SQL，X / HTML，CSS），非动态语言（Java，C等）和帮助器（ Makefile，INI和配置文件，shell脚本，自定义小语言等），其他人也可以做到这一点，但Komodo将它们全部放在一个地方，随时可以使用。它是动态语言的瑞士军刀。

Komodo IDE绝不是完美的，而编辑器/ IDE是YMMV的最终选择。但是我经常很高兴使用它，每年我都很高兴地重新获得支持订阅。的确，我只记得！这个月即将到来。信用卡：出。我与ActiveState没有任何商业联系，只是一个满意的客户。

点击查看英文原文

“Which editor/IDE for …?” is a longstanding way to start a “My dog is too prettier than yours!” slapfest. Nowadays most editors from vim upwards can be used, there are multiple good alternatives, and even IDEs that started as C or Java tools work pretty well with Python and other dynamic languages.

That said, having tried a bunch of IDEs (Eclipse, NetBeans, XCode, Komodo, PyCharm, …), I am a fan of ActiveState’s Komodo IDE. I use it on Mac OS X primarily, though I’ve used it for years on Windows as well. The one license follows you to any platform.

Komodo is well-integrated with popular ActiveState builds of the languages themselves (esp. for Windows), works well with the fabulous (and Pythonic) Mercurial change management system (among others), and has good-to-excellent abilities for core tasks like code editing, syntax coloring, code completion, real-time syntax checking, and visual debugging. It is a little weak when it comes to pre-integrated refactoring and code-check tools (e.g. rope, pylint), but it is extensible and has a good facility for integrating external and custom tools.

Some of the things I like about Komodo go beyond the write-run-debug loop. ActiveState has long supported the development community (e.g. with free language builds, package repositories, a recipes site, …), since before dynamic languages were the trend. The base Komodo Edit editor is free and open source, an extension of Mozilla’s Firefox technologies. And Komodo is multi-lingual. I never end up doing just Python, just Perl, or just whatever. Komodo works with the core language (Python, Perl, Ruby, PHP, JavaScript) alongside supporting languages (XML, XSLT, SQL, X/HTML, CSS), non-dynamic languages (Java, C, etc.), and helpers (Makefiles, INI and config files, shell scripts, custom little languages, etc.) Others can do that too, but Komodo puts them all in once place, ready to go. It’s a Swiss Army Knife for dynamic languages. (This is contra PyCharm, e.g., which is great itself, but I’d need like a half-dozen of JetBrains’ individual IDEs to cover all the things I do).

Komodo IDE is by no means perfect, and editors/IDEs are the ultimate YMMV choice. But I am regularly delighted to use it, and every year I re-up my support subscription quite happily. Indeed, I just remembered! That’s coming up this month. Credit card: Out. I have no commercial connection to ActiveState–just a happy customer.

回答 18

您可能需要研究Eclim，这是一个Eclipse服务器，允许您从喜欢的文本编辑器中使用Eclipse功能。对于python相关功能，它在后台使用Rope，PyFlakes和PyLint。

点击查看英文原文

You might want to look into Eclim, an Eclipse server that allows you to use Eclipse functionality from within your favorite text editor. For python-related functionality, it uses Rope, PyFlakes, and PyLint under the hood.

回答 19

我一直在使用的评估版Sublime Text。好的是它并没有真正过期。

到目前为止，一切都很好，而且非常容易上手。

点击查看英文原文

I’ve been using an Evaluation copy of Sublime Text. What’s good is it doesn’t really expire.

It’s been good so far and was really easy to get started with.

回答 20

我为此可能会有点晚，但是我建议使用Aptana Studio3.x。它是基于eclipse的，并且可以随时使用python。对DJango, HTML5 and JQuery。对我来说，它是一个完美的Web开发工具。我也从事HTML5 and Android开发工作，因此无需切换其他IDE。这是我的多合一解决方案。

注意：您需要大量的RAM才能使它时髦！4+ GB太棒了！

点击查看英文原文

I may be a little late for this, but I would recommend Aptana Studio 3.x . Its a based on eclipse and has everything ready-to-go for python. It has very good support for DJango, HTML5 and JQuery. For me its a perfect web-development tool. I do HTML5 and Android development too, this way I do not need to keep switching different IDE’s. It my all-in-one solution.

Note: you need a good amount of RAM for this to be snazzy !! 4+ GB is awesome !!

回答 21

Visual Studio代码 + 官方Python插件

在这里，您可以看到其当前Python功能的概述：

https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/languages/python

巧克力

http://chocolatapp.com

它轻巧，并提供代码完成功能。花费金钱。

编辑：显然，巧克力在2013年是一个有趣的选择，但此后许多其他人出现了，开发停滞了。如今，我建议使用Visual Studio Code + Python插件。

点击查看英文原文

Visual Studio Code + Official Python Plugin

Here you see an overview of its current Python features:

https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/languages/python

Chocolat

http://chocolatapp.com

It’s lightweight and offers Code Completion. Costs money.

EDIT: Apparently Chocolat was an interesting option in 2013 but since then many others came up and development stalled. Nowadays I recommend Visual Studio Code + Python Plugin.

知识问答

如何使用自制软件在macOS中安装Python 3的早期版本？

问题：如何使用自制软件在macOS中安装Python 3的早期版本？

如何使用brew在macOS中安装Python 3的早期版本？

通过该命令，brew install python我获得了最新版本的Python 3（当前为v3.7.0），但我想要的是最新版本的Python 3.6（当前为3.6.5）。

我已经阅读了另一个pyenv可以帮助处理不同python安装的软件包，但是此解决方案不适合我。

点击查看英文原文

How can I install a previous version of Python 3 in macOS using brew?

With the command brew install python I got the latest version of Python 3 (currently v3.7.0), but I want the last version of Python 3.6 (currently 3.6.5).

I have read about another package pyenv that can assist in handle different python installation, but this solution is not suitable for me.

回答 0

简短答案

要进行Python 3.6.5的全新安装，请使用：

brew unlink python # ONLY if you have installed (with brew) another version of python 3
brew install --ignore-dependencies https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/f2a764ef944b1080be64bd88dca9a1d80130c558/Formula/python.rb

如果您希望恢复以前安装的版本，则：

brew info python           # To see what you have previously installed
brew switch python 3.x.x_x # Ex. 3.6.5_1

长答案

使用Homebrew安装Python的公式有两个：python@2和python。
第一个用于Python 2，第二个用于Python 3。

注意：您可以在网上找到过时的答案，这些答案被python3称为安装Python版本3的公式名称python。

默认情况下，使用这些公式，您可以安装对应的Python主版本的最新版本。因此，您不能直接安装3.6的次要版本。

解

使用brew，您可以使用公式的地址安装软件包，例如在git存储库中。

brew install https://the/address/to/the/formula/FORMULA_NAME.rb

或专门针对Python 3

brew install https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/COMMIT_IDENTIFIER/Formula/python.rb

您必须指定的地址是所需版本的公式的最后提交地址（python.rb）。您可以通过查看homebrew-core / Formula / python.rb的历史记录来找到commint标识符

https://github.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/commits/master/Formula/python.rb

Python> 3.6.5

在上面的链接中，您不会找到3.6.5以上版本的Python的公式。该（官方）存储库的维护者发布Python 3.7之后，他们仅提交对Python 3.7配方的更新。

如上所述，使用自制软件时，您只有Python 2（python @ 2）和Python 3（python），而Python 3.6没有明确的公式。

尽管那些次要更新在大多数情况下和对于大多数用户而言都是无关紧要的，但我将搜索是否有人对3.6做过明确的公式。

点击查看英文原文

Short Answer

To make a clean install of Python 3.6.5 use:

brew unlink python # ONLY if you have installed (with brew) another version of python 3
brew install --ignore-dependencies https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/f2a764ef944b1080be64bd88dca9a1d80130c558/Formula/python.rb

If you prefer to recover a previously installed version, then:

brew info python           # To see what you have previously installed
brew switch python 3.x.x_x # Ex. 3.6.5_1

Long Answer

There are two formulas for installing Python with Homebrew: python@2 and python.
The first is for Python 2 and the second for Python 3.

Note: You can find outdated answers on the web where it is mentioned python3 as the formula name for installing Python version 3. Now it’s just python!

By default, with these formulas you can install the latest version of the corresponding major version of Python. So, you cannot directly install a minor version like 3.6.

Solution

With brew, you can install a package using the address of the formula, for example in a git repository.

brew install https://the/address/to/the/formula/FORMULA_NAME.rb

Or specifically for Python 3

brew install https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/COMMIT_IDENTIFIER/Formula/python.rb

The address you must specify is the address to the last commit of the formula (python.rb) for the desired version. You can find the commint identifier by looking at the history for homebrew-core/Formula/python.rb

https://github.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/commits/master/Formula/python.rb

Python > 3.6.5

In the link above you will not find a formula for a version of Python above 3.6.5. After the maintainers of that (official) repository released Python 3.7, they only submit updates to the recipe of Python 3.7.

As explained above, with homebrew you have only Python 2 (python@2) and Python 3 (python), there is no explicit formula for Python 3.6.

Although those minor updates are mostly irrelevant in most cases and for most users, I will search if someone has done an explicit formula for 3.6.

回答 1

作为更新，当做 

brew unlink python # If you have installed (with brew) another version of python
brew install https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/f2a764ef944b1080be64bd88dca9a1d80130c558/Formula/python.rb

你可能会遇到

Error: python contains a recursive dependency on itself:
  python depends on sphinx-doc
  sphinx-doc depends on python

要绕过它，请将--ignore-dependencies参数添加到brew install中。

brew unlink python # If you have installed (with brew) another version of python
brew install --ignore-dependencies https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/f2a764ef944b1080be64bd88dca9a1d80130c558/Formula/python.rb
点击查看英文原文

As an update, when doing 

brew unlink python # If you have installed (with brew) another version of python
brew install https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/f2a764ef944b1080be64bd88dca9a1d80130c558/Formula/python.rb

You may encounter

Error: python contains a recursive dependency on itself:
  python depends on sphinx-doc
  sphinx-doc depends on python

To bypass it, add the --ignore-dependencies argument to brew install.

brew unlink python # If you have installed (with brew) another version of python
brew install --ignore-dependencies https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/f2a764ef944b1080be64bd88dca9a1d80130c558/Formula/python.rb

回答 2

我所做的是首先安装python 3.7 

brew install python3
brew unlink python

然后我使用上面的链接安装了python 3.6.5 

brew install --ignore-dependencies https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/f2a764ef944b1080be64bd88dca9a1d80130c558/Formula/python.rb --ignore-dependencies

之后我跑了brew link --overwrite python。现在，我在系统中拥有所有的python来创建虚拟环境。

mian@tdowrick2~ $ python --version
Python 2.7.10
mian@tdowrick2~ $ python3.7 --version
Python 3.7.1
mian@tdowrick2~ $ python3.6 --version
Python 3.6.5

创建Python 3.7虚拟环境。 

mian@tdowrick2~ $ virtualenv -p python3.7 env
Already using interpreter /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/bin/python3.7
Using base prefix '/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7'
New python executable in /Users/mian/env/bin/python3.7
Also creating executable in /Users/mian/env/bin/python
Installing setuptools, pip, wheel...
done.
mian@tdowrick2~ $ source env/bin/activate
(env) mian@tdowrick2~ $ python --version
Python 3.7.1
(env) mian@tdowrick2~ $ deactivate

创建Python 3.6虚拟环境 

mian@tdowrick2~ $ virtualenv -p python3.6 env
Running virtualenv with interpreter /usr/local/bin/python3.6
Using base prefix '/usr/local/Cellar/python/3.6.5_1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6'
New python executable in /Users/mian/env/bin/python3.6
Not overwriting existing python script /Users/mian/env/bin/python (you must use /Users/mian/env/bin/python3.6)
Installing setuptools, pip, wheel...
done.
mian@tdowrick2~ $ source env/bin/activate
(env) mian@tdowrick2~ $ python --version
Python 3.6.5
(env) mian@tdowrick2~ $
点击查看英文原文

What I did was first I installed python 3.7 

brew install python3
brew unlink python

then I installed python 3.6.5 using above link 

brew install --ignore-dependencies https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/f2a764ef944b1080be64bd88dca9a1d80130c558/Formula/python.rb --ignore-dependencies

After that I ran brew link --overwrite python. Now I have all pythons in the system to create the virtual environments.

mian@tdowrick2~ $ python --version
Python 2.7.10
mian@tdowrick2~ $ python3.7 --version
Python 3.7.1
mian@tdowrick2~ $ python3.6 --version
Python 3.6.5

To create Python 3.7 virtual environment. 

mian@tdowrick2~ $ virtualenv -p python3.7 env
Already using interpreter /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/bin/python3.7
Using base prefix '/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7'
New python executable in /Users/mian/env/bin/python3.7
Also creating executable in /Users/mian/env/bin/python
Installing setuptools, pip, wheel...
done.
mian@tdowrick2~ $ source env/bin/activate
(env) mian@tdowrick2~ $ python --version
Python 3.7.1
(env) mian@tdowrick2~ $ deactivate

To create Python 3.6 virtual environment 

mian@tdowrick2~ $ virtualenv -p python3.6 env
Running virtualenv with interpreter /usr/local/bin/python3.6
Using base prefix '/usr/local/Cellar/python/3.6.5_1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6'
New python executable in /Users/mian/env/bin/python3.6
Not overwriting existing python script /Users/mian/env/bin/python (you must use /Users/mian/env/bin/python3.6)
Installing setuptools, pip, wheel...
done.
mian@tdowrick2~ $ source env/bin/activate
(env) mian@tdowrick2~ $ python --version
Python 3.6.5
(env) mian@tdowrick2~ $

回答 3

我尝试了以上所有答案来安装Python 3.4.4。python的安装有效，但不会安装PIP，并且我无能为力。我使用的是Mac OSX Mojave，这会导致zlib，openssl出现一些问题。

不该做什么：

  • 尝试避免对公式Python或Python3给定的早期版本使用Homebrew。
  • 不要尝试编译Python

解：

  1. 下载macOS 64位安装程序或macOS 64位/ 32位安装程序：https : //www.python.org/downloads/release/python-365/
  2. 在前面的步骤，它会下载的Python 3.6.5，例如如果你想下载的Python 3.4.4，在上面的网址取代Python-365由Python-344
  3. 下载单击您下载的文件，GUI安装程序将打开
  4. 如果您下载了python-365，则在安装后要启动此版本的python，您将在终端python365中键入，对pip相同，即为pip365

ps：您不必在系统上卸载其他版本的Python。

编辑：

我发现了一种更好的解决方案，可在MacOSX，Windows，Linux等系统上运行。

  1. 是否已经安装python都没关系。
  2. 下载Anaconda
  3. 安装后，在终端中输入： conda init
  4. 在终端中，使用任何 python版本创建虚拟环境，例如，我选择了3.4.4：conda create -n [NameOfYour VirtualEnvironment] python=3.4.4
  5. 然后，在终端中，您可以使用以下命令检查已创建的所有虚拟环境： conda info --envs
  6. 然后，在终端中，使用以下命令激活您选择的虚拟环境： conda activate [The name of your virtual environment that was shown with the command at step 5]
点击查看英文原文

I tried all the answers above to install Python 3.4.4. The installation of python worked, but PIP would not be installed and nothing I could do to make it work. I was using Mac OSX Mojave, which cause some issues with zlib, openssl.

What not to do:

  • Try to avoid using Homebrew for previous version given by the formula Python or Python3.
  • Do not try to compile Python

Solution:

  1. Download the macOS 64-bit installer or macOS 64-bit/32-bit installer: https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-365/
  2. In previous step, it will download Python 3.6.5, if for example, you want to download Python 3.4.4, replace in the url above python-365 by python-344
  3. Download click on the file you downloaded a GUI installer will open
  4. If you downloaded python-365, after installation, to launch this version of python, you will type in your terminal python365, same thing for pip, it will be pip365

p.s: You don’t have to uninstall your other version of Python on your system.

Edit:

I found a much much much better solution that work on MacOSX, Windows, Linux, etc.

  1. It doesn’t matter if you have already python installed or not.
  2. Download Anaconda
  3. Once installed, in terminal type: conda init
  4. In terminal,create virtual environment with any python version, for example, I picked 3.4.4: conda create -n [NameOfYour VirtualEnvironment] python=3.4.4
  5. Then, in terminal, you can check all the virtual environment you ahave created with the command: conda info --envs
  6. Then, in terminal, activate the virtual environment of your choice with: conda activate [The name of your virtual environment that was shown with the command at step 5]

回答 4

我已经尝试了所有方法，但无法使其正常工作。最终，我使用了pyenv它，并且像魅力一样直接工作。

因此，homebrew安装完毕后，只需执行以下操作：

brew install pyenv
pyenv install 3.6.5

管理virtualenvs：

brew install pyenv-virtualenv
pyenv virtualenv 3.6.5 env_name

有关更多信息，请参见pyenv和pyenv-virtualenv。

编辑（2019/03/19）

我发现使用pyenv-installer比自制软件更容易安装pyenv和pyenv-virtualenv direclty：

curl https://pyenv.run | bash

要全局管理python版本：

pyenv global 3.6.5

或本地给定目录中：

pyenv local 3.6.5
点击查看英文原文

I have tried everything but could not make it work. Finally I have used pyenv and it worked directly like a charm.

So having homebrew installed, juste do:

brew install pyenv
pyenv install 3.6.5

to manage virtualenvs:

brew install pyenv-virtualenv
pyenv virtualenv 3.6.5 env_name

See pyenv and pyenv-virtualenv for more info.

EDIT (2019/03/19)

I have found using the pyenv-installer easier than homebrew to install pyenv and pyenv-virtualenv direclty:

curl https://pyenv.run | bash

To manage python version, either globally:

pyenv global 3.6.5

or locally in a given directory:

pyenv local 3.6.5

回答 5

万一有人遇到如下点子问题

pip is configured with locations that require TLS/SSL, however the ssl module in Python is not available.

根本原因是openssl 1.1不再支持python 3.6。所以你需要安装旧版本的openssl 1.0

这是解决方案：

brew uninstall --ignore-dependencies openssl
brew install https://github.com/tebelorg/Tump/releases/download/v1.0.0/openssl.rb
点击查看英文原文

In case anyone face pip issue like below

pip is configured with locations that require TLS/SSL, however the ssl module in Python is not available.

The root cause is openssl 1.1 doesn’t support python 3.6 anymore. So you need to install old version openssl 1.0

here is the solution:

brew uninstall --ignore-dependencies openssl
brew install https://github.com/tebelorg/Tump/releases/download/v1.0.0/openssl.rb

回答 6

要解决此问题homebrew，您可以临时回溯日期homebrew-core并设置HOMEBREW_NO_AUTO_UPDATE变量以将其保留在适当的位置：

cd `brew --repo homebrew/core`
git checkout f2a764ef944b1080be64bd88dca9a1d80130c558
export HOMEBREW_NO_AUTO_UPDATE=1
brew install python

我不建议永久回溯自制内核的日期，因为您会错过安全补丁，但是它对于测试很有用。

您还可以使用以下brew extract命令将旧版本的自制程序公式提取到自己的水龙头（tap_owner / tap_name）中：

brew extract python tap_owner/tap_name --version=3.6.5
点击查看英文原文

To solve this with homebrew, you can temporarily backdate homebrew-core and set the HOMEBREW_NO_AUTO_UPDATE variable to hold it in place:

cd `brew --repo homebrew/core`
git checkout f2a764ef944b1080be64bd88dca9a1d80130c558
export HOMEBREW_NO_AUTO_UPDATE=1
brew install python

I don’t recommend permanently backdating homebrew-core, as you will miss out on security patches, but it is useful for testing purposes.

You can also extract old versions of homebrew formulae into your own tap (tap_owner/tap_name) using the brew extract command:

brew extract python tap_owner/tap_name --version=3.6.5

回答 7

对我而言，最简单的方法是安装Anaconda：https : //docs.anaconda.com/anaconda/install/

在这里，我可以根据需要创建任意数量的具有不同Python版本的环境，然后单击鼠标即可在它们之间切换。再简单不过了。

要安装不同的Python版本，只需按照以下说明进行操作即可：https：//docs.conda.io/projects/conda/en/latest/user-guide/tasks/manage-python.html

在2分钟内完成了具有其他Python版本的新开发环境。将来我可以轻松地来回切换。

点击查看英文原文

The easiest way for me was to install Anaconda: https://docs.anaconda.com/anaconda/install/

There I can create as many environments with different Python versions as I want and switch between them with a mouse click. It could not be easier.

To install different Python versions just follow these instructions https://docs.conda.io/projects/conda/en/latest/user-guide/tasks/manage-python.html

A new development environment with a different Python version was done within 2 minutes. And in the future I can easily switch back and forth.

知识问答

Mac OS X 10.9之后无法安装PIL

问题：Mac OS X 10.9之后无法安装PIL

我刚刚将Mac OS更新为10.9，发现其中的某些（全部？）Python模块不再可用，尤其是Image模块。

所以我尝试执行sudo pip install pil，但是出现此错误：

/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.9.sdk/usr/include/tk.h:78:11: fatal error: 'X11/Xlib.h' file not found

#      include <X11/Xlib.h>

               ^

1 error generated.

error: command 'cc' failed with exit status 1

我的Xcode是最新的，我不知道。PIL可能还不兼容10.9吗？

点击查看英文原文

I’ve just updated my Mac OS to 10.9 and I discovered that some (all?) of my Python modules are not here anymore, especially the Image one.

So I try to execute sudo pip install pil, but I get this error:

/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.9.sdk/usr/include/tk.h:78:11: fatal error: 'X11/Xlib.h' file not found

#      include <X11/Xlib.h>

               ^

1 error generated.

error: command 'cc' failed with exit status 1

My Xcode is up-to-date and I don’t have any idea. Is it possible that PIL is not yet 10.9 compatible ?

回答 0

以下为我工作：

ln -s  /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.9.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Tk.framework/Versions/8.5/Headers/X11 /usr/local/include/X11
sudo pip install pil

更新：

但是，威尔提供了以下更正确的解决方案。

打开终端并执行： xcode-select --install

点击查看英文原文

Following worked for me:

ln -s  /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.9.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Tk.framework/Versions/8.5/Headers/X11 /usr/local/include/X11
sudo pip install pil

UPDATE:

But there is more correct solution below, provided by Will.

open your terminal and execute: xcode-select --install

回答 1

打开终端并执行：

xcode-select --install

点击查看英文原文

open your terminal and execute:

xcode-select --install

回答 2

sudo ln -s /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.8.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Tk.framework/Versions/8.5/Headers/X11/ /usr/local/include/X11

对我有帮助！操作系统x 10.9

pip install pillow

但！点安装后…

*** ZLIB (PNG/ZIP) support not available

最后我通过运行来修复它： 

xcode-select --install

然后重新安装枕头

pip install pillow

PIL SETUP SUMMARY
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    version      Pillow 2.2.1
    platform     darwin 2.7.5 (default, Aug 25 2013, 00:04:04)
                 [GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 5.0 (clang-500.0.68)]
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    --- TKINTER support available
    --- JPEG support available
    --- ZLIB (PNG/ZIP) support available
    --- TIFF G3/G4 (experimental) support available
    --- FREETYPE2 support available
    --- LITTLECMS support available
    --- WEBP support available
    --- WEBPMUX support available
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
点击查看英文原文 
sudo ln -s /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.8.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Tk.framework/Versions/8.5/Headers/X11/ /usr/local/include/X11

helps for me! os x 10.9

pip install pillow

but! after pip install …

*** ZLIB (PNG/ZIP) support not available

and finally i fix it by running: 

xcode-select --install

then reinstall pillow

pip install pillow

PIL SETUP SUMMARY
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    version      Pillow 2.2.1
    platform     darwin 2.7.5 (default, Aug 25 2013, 00:04:04)
                 [GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 5.0 (clang-500.0.68)]
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    --- TKINTER support available
    --- JPEG support available
    --- ZLIB (PNG/ZIP) support available
    --- TIFF G3/G4 (experimental) support available
    --- FREETYPE2 support available
    --- LITTLECMS support available
    --- WEBP support available
    --- WEBPMUX support available
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

回答 3

适用于我（OS X Yosemite 10.10.2-Python 2.7.9）：

xcode-select --install
sudo pip install pillow

尝试检查一下：

from PIL import Image
image = Image.open("file.jpg")
image.show()
点击查看英文原文

Works for me ( OS X Yosemite 10.10.2 – Python 2.7.9 ) :

xcode-select --install
sudo pip install pillow

Try this to check it:

from PIL import Image
image = Image.open("file.jpg")
image.show()

回答 4

这是我所做的，某些步骤可能仅对于PIL并不是必需的，但无论如何我都需要libpng和其他步骤：

1）运行xcode install，使用此命令或从应用商店下载更新：

xcode-select --install

1b）添加命令行工具可选工具，在Mountain Lion中，这是xcode下载页面上的一个选项，但是现在您必须注册您的Apple ID并从以下位置下载： https //developer.apple.com/downloads/

寻找Xcode的命令行工具（OS X Mavericks）

2）安装python所需的一切（使用brew），我相信您也可以使用port：

brew install readline sqlite gdbm
brew install python --universal --framework 
brew install libpng jpeg freetype

必要时取消链接/重新链接，即升级。

3）安装Pip和所需的模块：

easy_install pip 
sudo pip install setuptools --no-use-wheel --upgrade

4）最后，这没有错误：

sudo pip install Pillow

2014年11月4日更新：PIL存储区不再收到更新或支持，因此应使用Pillow。现在不建议使用以下内容，因此请坚持使用Pillow。

sudo pip install pil --allow-external pil --allow-unverified pil

UPDATE（旧）：安装Pillow（PIL拨叉）时同样适用，并且在大多数情况下，它很快就可以替代PILlow。而不是在步骤4中安装pip，而是运行以下命令：

sudo pip install Pillow

希望这对某人有帮助！

点击查看英文原文

Here is what I did, some steps may not be necessary just for PIL but I needed libpng and others anyways:

1) Run xcode install, use this command or download updates from the app store:

xcode-select --install

1b) Add the Command Line Tools optional tool, in Mountain Lion this was an option on the xcode Download page, but now you have to register with your apple id and download from: https://developer.apple.com/downloads/

Look for Command Line Tools (OS X Mavericks) for Xcode

2) Install everything needed for python (using brew), I believe you can use port as well:

brew install readline sqlite gdbm
brew install python --universal --framework 
brew install libpng jpeg freetype

Unlink/ relink if needed i.e. if upgrading.

3) Install Pip and required modules:

easy_install pip 
sudo pip install setuptools --no-use-wheel --upgrade

4) Finally this works with no errors:

sudo pip install Pillow

UPDATE 11/04/14: PIL repo no longer receives updates or support so Pillow should be used. The below is now deprecated so stick with Pillow.

sudo pip install pil --allow-external pil --allow-unverified pil

UPDATE (OLD) : The same thing applies when installing Pillow (PIL fork) and should be mentioned as its quickly becoming a replacement in most cases of PIL. Instead of installing pip in step 4, run this instead:

sudo pip install Pillow

Hope this helps someone!

回答 5

安装命令行工具为我解决了这个问题

您必须分别安装它们，因为它们现在不属于xcode软件包中的一部分：

https://developer.apple.com/downloads/index.action?=command%20line%20tools#

点击查看英文原文

installing command line tools fixed the issue for me

you have to install them separately as they are not part of the packages in xcode now:

https://developer.apple.com/downloads/index.action?=command%20line%20tools#

回答 6

这些都不对我有用。我一直收到：

clang: error: unknown argument: '-mno-fused-madd' [-Wunused-command-line-argument-hard-error-in-future]
clang: note: this will be a hard error (cannot be downgraded to a warning) in the future
error: command 'cc' failed with exit status 1

因此，我找到了以下解决方案：

sudo export CFLAGS=-Qunused-arguments
sudo export CPPFLAGS=-Qunused-arguments
sudo pip install PIL --allow-external PIL --allow-unverified PIL

这样我就可以安装。

点击查看英文原文

Non of those worked for me.. I kept receiving:

clang: error: unknown argument: '-mno-fused-madd' [-Wunused-command-line-argument-hard-error-in-future]
clang: note: this will be a hard error (cannot be downgraded to a warning) in the future
error: command 'cc' failed with exit status 1

So I found a work around with the following solution:

sudo export CFLAGS=-Qunused-arguments
sudo export CPPFLAGS=-Qunused-arguments
sudo pip install PIL --allow-external PIL --allow-unverified PIL

This way I was able to install.

回答 7

我有一个类似的问题：安装枕头失败clang: error: unknown argument: '-mno-fused-madd' [-Wunused-command-line-argument-hard-error-in-future]，安装枕头失败Can't install the software because it is not currently available from the Software Update server.，并且，即使手动安装了命令行工具，PIL的编译也失败了。

发生这种情况是因为最新版本的xcode下的clang不会警告未知的编译器标志，而是通过硬错误停止编译。

要解决此问题，只需export ARCHFLAGS="-Wno-error=unused-command-line-argument-hard-error-in-future"在终端上运行，然后再尝试进行编译（安装pil）。

点击查看英文原文

I had a similar problem: Installing pillow failed with clang: error: unknown argument: '-mno-fused-madd' [-Wunused-command-line-argument-hard-error-in-future], installing command line tools failed with Can't install the software because it is not currently available from the Software Update server., and even after installing the command line tools manually, the compilation of PIL failed.

This happens cause clang under the newest version of xcode doesn’t warn on unknown compiler flags, but rather stop the compilation with a hard error.

To fix this, just run export ARCHFLAGS="-Wno-error=unused-command-line-argument-hard-error-in-future" on the terminal before trying to compile (installing pil).

回答 8

只需运行

pip install pil --allow-external pil --allow-unverified pil

点击查看英文原文

Simply run

pip install pil --allow-external pil --allow-unverified pil

回答 9

这是我在Mac OS 10.9.1上的步骤

1. sudo su
2. easy_install pip
3. xcode-select --install
4. pip install --no-index -f http://dist.plone.org/thirdparty/ -U PIL
点击查看英文原文

This my steps on mac os 10.9.1

1. sudo su
2. easy_install pip
3. xcode-select --install
4. pip install --no-index -f http://dist.plone.org/thirdparty/ -U PIL

回答 10

您可以使用Homebrew进行安装 http://brew.sh 

brew tap Homebrew/python
brew install pillow
点击查看英文原文

You could use Homebrew to do the install http://brew.sh 

brew tap Homebrew/python
brew install pillow

回答 11

确保在xcode上安装了命令行工具。然后执行：

sudo pip install pil --allow-external pil --allow-unverified pil
点击查看英文原文

Make sure you have Command Line Tools installed on your xcode. Then execute:

sudo pip install pil --allow-external pil --allow-unverified pil

回答 12

我遇到以下错误

building 'PIL._imagingft' extension
_imagingft.c:62:10: fatal error: 'freetype/fterrors.h' file not found

#include <freetype/fterrors.h>

         ^

1 error generated.

error: command 'cc' failed with exit status 1

解决方案是将freetype2符号链接到freetype，从而解决了该问题。

点击查看英文原文

I was having the following error

building 'PIL._imagingft' extension
_imagingft.c:62:10: fatal error: 'freetype/fterrors.h' file not found

#include <freetype/fterrors.h>

         ^

1 error generated.

error: command 'cc' failed with exit status 1

The solution to this was to symlink freetype2 to freetype and this solved the problem.

回答 13

我不想安装XCode（我不使用它），但我讨厌摆弄Application目录。我从这篇文章的许多答案中脱颖而出，以下两个步骤对我来说适用于10.9.5：

sudo easy_install pip
sudo pip install pillow

我不得不使用easy_install来安装pip确实让我感到奇怪。但是pip不想在重新安装之前为我工作。

点击查看英文原文

I didn’t want to install XCode (I don’t use it) and I’m loath to fiddle with Application directory. I’ve cribbed from the many answers in this post and the following two steps work for me with 10.9.5:

sudo easy_install pip
sudo pip install pillow

It did appear to me strange that I had to use easy_install to install pip. But pip didn’t want to work for me before that (re-)install.

回答 14

找到了解决方案…您必须像这样对X11进行符号链接ln -s /opt/X11/include/X11 /usr/local/include/X11，然后sudo pip install pil才能正常工作。

点击查看英文原文

Found the solution … You’ve to symlink X11 like this ln -s /opt/X11/include/X11 /usr/local/include/X11 and then sudo pip install pil should work.

回答 15

重用@DmitryDemidenko的答案对我有用：

ln -s  /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.9.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Tk.framework/Versions/8.5/Headers/X11 /usr/local/include/X11

然后

sudo pip install -U PIL --allow-external PIL --allow-unverified PIL
点击查看英文原文

Reusing @DmitryDemidenko’s answer that is how it worked for me:

ln -s  /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.9.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Tk.framework/Versions/8.5/Headers/X11 /usr/local/include/X11

and then

sudo pip install -U PIL --allow-external PIL --allow-unverified PIL

回答 16

执行下面的命令行。在Mac OS 10.9.5上像超级按钮一样工作

easy_install点

sudo pip install setuptools –no-use-wheel –upgrade

sudo pip安装枕头

最好的，西奥

点击查看英文原文

Execute the bellow command lines. Works like a charm on Mac OS 10.9.5

easy_install pip

sudo pip install setuptools –no-use-wheel –upgrade

sudo pip install Pillow

Best, Theo

回答 17

那就是我所做的：

首先升级到Xcode 5（我正在运行10.9）。然后，在终端中执行以下命令：

$ /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.9.sdk
$ ln -s /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.9.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Tk.framework/Versions/8.5/Headers/X11 usr/include/
点击查看英文原文

That’s what I did:

First upgrade to Xcode 5 (I am running 10.9). Then, execute the following commands in a terminal:

$ /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.9.sdk
$ ln -s /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.9.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Tk.framework/Versions/8.5/Headers/X11 usr/include/

回答 18

一个更完整的解决方案需要安装Xquartz X11子系统，该子系统已经在Apple之外构建了几年。这是我用来使其全部工作的步骤

  1. 从http://xquartz.macosforge.org/landing/安装XQuartz
  2. 跑 sudo pip install pillow
点击查看英文原文

A more complete solution requires the installation of the Xquartz X11 subsystem that has been built outside of Apple for several years now. Here are the steps I used to get it all working

  1. Install XQuartz from http://xquartz.macosforge.org/landing/
  2. Run sudo pip install pillow

回答 19

因为公认的答案是正确的答案，xcode-select --install但有些人（包括我）可能会遇到Can't install the software because it is not currently available from the Software Update server 如果您使用的是Beta版软件（因为我现在使用的是优胜美地并且遇到相同的问题），则您需要单独购买CLT，因为它不包含在其中。 XCode（甚至xcode beta）也可以转到developers.apple.com并为您的OS获取CLT工具;）

PS您不需要XQuartz的PIL或Pillow即可工作

点击查看英文原文

As the accepted answer is the right one with xcode-select --install but some people (including me) may encounter Can't install the software because it is not currently available from the Software Update server If you are using beta software (as I am using Yosemite now and had the same problem) you NEED to get the CLT separately since it is NOT included in XCode (even xcode beta) Head over to developers.apple.com and get CLT tools for your OS ;)

P.S. You don’t need XQuartz for PIL or Pillow to work

回答 20

我最近从OS 10.8-> 10.9升级的机器陷入了xcrun和lipo之间的循环。

将/ usr / bin / lipo重命名为/ usr / bin / lipo_broken

请参阅此线程以获取有关如何解决的更多信息：

使用OS X Mavericks和XCode 4.x冻结xcrun / lipo

点击查看英文原文

My machine which was recently upgraded from OS 10.8 -> 10.9 got stuck in a loop between xcrun and lipo.

Rename /usr/bin/lipo to /usr/bin/lipo_broken

Refer to this thread for further information on how to resolve:

xcrun/lipo freezes with OS X Mavericks and XCode 4.x

回答 21

改为安装枕头：

sudo pip install pillow
点击查看英文原文

Install Pillow instead:

sudo pip install pillow

回答 22

ln -s /usr/local/include/freetype2 /usr/local/include/freetype
sudo ARCHFLAGS=-Wno-error=unused-command-line-argument-hard-error-in-future pip install pil
点击查看英文原文 
ln -s /usr/local/include/freetype2 /usr/local/include/freetype
sudo ARCHFLAGS=-Wno-error=unused-command-line-argument-hard-error-in-future pip install pil

回答 23

试试这个：

ln -s /usr/local/include/freetype2 /usr/local/include/freetype
点击查看英文原文

Try this:

ln -s /usr/local/include/freetype2 /usr/local/include/freetype

回答 24

sudo pip uninstall pillow
pip install pillow

为我工作。我在优胜美地上运行Python 2.7.9。import PIL现在为我工作。

点击查看英文原文 
sudo pip uninstall pillow
pip install pillow

worked for me. I’m running Python 2.7.9 on Yosemite.import PIL now works for me.

回答 25

在Mac OSC 10.10 Yosemite上安装PIL（Imaging.1.1.7）。我尝试了这里推荐的许多修复程序，但是每个修复程序都遇到了麻烦。我终于通过编辑setup.py文件来解决了这个问题：

TCL_ROOT =“ / opt / X11 / include”

它在_imagingtk.c的编译中通过了X11的适当包含路径，这对我造成了问题。更改后立即工作。

点击查看英文原文

Installing PIL (Imaging.1.1.7) on Mac OSC 10.10 Yosemite. I tried numerous fixes recommended here but ran into trouble with each one. I finally solved this problem by editing the setup.py file such that:

TCL_ROOT = “/opt/X11/include”

which passes the appropriate include path for X11 in the compilation of _imagingtk.c, which was causing the problem for me. Worked immediately after change.

回答 26

我已从pyenv移至virtualenv，这解决了我的问题。

点击查看英文原文

I’ve moved from pyenv to virtualenv and this fixed my problem.

回答 27

  1. ln -s / opt / X11 / include / X11 / usr / local / include / X11
  2. 没有sudo的pip install pil
点击查看英文原文
  1. ln -s /opt/X11/include/X11 /usr/local/include/X11
  2. pip install pil without sudo
知识问答

如何在Mac OS X上为Python 3安装pip？

问题：如何在Mac OS X上为Python 3安装pip？

OS X（Mavericks）已安装Python 2.7库存。但是我用3.3来做我自己的所有Python个人资料。我刚刚冲洗了3.3.2安装并安装了新的3.3.3。所以我需要pyserial再次安装。我可以按照以前做过的方式来做，即：

  1. 从pypi下载pyserial
  2. 解压pyserial.tgz
  3. cd pyserial
  4. python3 setup.py install

但是我想像酷孩子一样做，并且做类似的事情pip3 install pyserial。但目前尚不清楚我如何达到目标。就这一点。对virtualenv不感兴趣（除非必须如此）。

点击查看英文原文

OS X (Mavericks) has Python 2.7 stock installed. But I do all my own personal Python stuff with 3.3. I just flushed my 3.3.2 install and installed the new 3.3.3. So I need to install pyserial again. I can do it the way I’ve done it before, which is:

  1. Download pyserial from pypi
  2. untar pyserial.tgz
  3. cd pyserial
  4. python3 setup.py install

But I’d like to do like the cool kids do, and just do something like pip3 install pyserial. But it’s not clear how I get to that point. And just that point. Not interested (unless I have to be) in virtualenv yet.

回答 0

更新：Python3.4不再需要此功能。它会在库存安装中安装pip3。

我最终在python邮件列表上发布了相同的问题，并得到以下答案：

# download and install setuptools
curl -O https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py
python3 ez_setup.py
# download and install pip
curl -O https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py
python3 get-pip.py

完美解决了我的问题。在为我自己添加以下内容之后：

cd /usr/local/bin
ln -s ../../../Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/bin/pip pip

为了能够直接运行pip，我能够：

# use pip to install
pip install pyserial

要么：

# Don't want it?
pip uninstall pyserial
点击查看英文原文

UPDATE: This is no longer necessary with Python3.4. It installs pip3 as part of the stock install.

I ended up posting this same question on the python mailing list, and got the following answer:

# download and install setuptools
curl -O https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py
python3 ez_setup.py
# download and install pip
curl -O https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py
python3 get-pip.py

Which solved my question perfectly. After adding the following for my own:

cd /usr/local/bin
ln -s ../../../Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/bin/pip pip

So that I could run pip directly, I was able to:

# use pip to install
pip install pyserial

or:

# Don't want it?
pip uninstall pyserial

回答 1

我必须自己经历这个过程，并选择一种从长远来看更好的方法。

我安装了自制软件

ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)"

然后：

brew doctor

最后一步为您提供一些必须解决的警告和错误。其中之一将是下载并安装Mac OS X命令行工具。

然后：

brew install python3

这给了我，python3并且走pip3了我的路。

pieter$ which pip3 python3
/usr/local/bin/pip3
/usr/local/bin/python3
点击查看英文原文

I had to go through this process myself and chose a different way that I think is better in the long run.

I installed homebrew

ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)"

then:

brew doctor

The last step gives you some warnings and errors that you have to resolve. One of those will be to download and install the Mac OS X command-line tools.

then:

brew install python3

This gave me python3 and pip3 in my path.

pieter$ which pip3 python3
/usr/local/bin/pip3
/usr/local/bin/python3

回答 2

在Mac上安装Python3

1. brew install python3
2. curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py | python3
3. python3

使用pip3安装模块

1. pip3 install ipython
2. python3 -m IPython

:)

点击查看英文原文

Install Python3 on mac

1. brew install python3
2. curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py | python3
3. python3

Use pip3 to install modules

1. pip3 install ipython
2. python3 -m IPython

:)

回答 3

另外：当您使用python3安装请求时，命令为：

pip3 install requests

不 

pip install requests
点击查看英文原文

Plus: when you install requests with python3, the command is:

pip3 install requests

not 

pip install requests

回答 4

  1. brew install python3

  2. 在您的外壳配置文件中创建别名

    • 例如。alias pip3="python3 -m pip"在我的.zshrc

➜〜pip3-版本

来自/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages（python 3.6）的pip 9.0.1

点击查看英文原文
  1. brew install python3

  2. create alias in your shell profile

    • eg. alias pip3="python3 -m pip" in my .zshrc

➜ ~ pip3 –version

pip 9.0.1 from /usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages (python 3.6)

回答 5

这是我的简单解决方案：

如果您的系统中同时安装了python2和python3，则默认情况下pip升级将指向python2。因此，我们必须指定python（python3）的版本并使用以下命令：

python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip

此命令将卸载以前安装的pip并安装新版本-升级pip。

这将节省内存并使系统混乱。

图像-在MacOS上如何在Python3中升级pip

点击查看英文原文

Here is my simple solution:

If you have python2 and python3 both installed in your system, the pip upgrade will point to python2 by default. Hence, we must specify the version of python(python3) and use the below command:

python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip

This command will uninstall the previously installed pip and install the new version- upgrading your pip.

This will save memory and declutter your system.

Image – How the upgrading of pip in Python3 works on MacOS

回答 6

要使用Python EasyInstall（我想您要使用它）非常简单！

sudo easy_install pip

因此，然后使用pip安装Pyserial，您可以执行以下操作：

pip install pyserial
点击查看英文原文

To use Python EasyInstall (which is what I think you’re wanting to use), is super easy!

sudo easy_install pip

so then with pip to install Pyserial you would do:

pip install pyserial

回答 7

另外，值得一提的是Max OSX / macOS用户可以使用 Homebrew安装pip3。

$> brew update
$> brew install python3
$> pip3 --version
pip 9.0.1 from /usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages (python 3.6)
点击查看英文原文

Also, it’s worth to mention that Max OSX/macOS users can just use Homebrew to install pip3.

$> brew update
$> brew install python3
$> pip3 --version
pip 9.0.1 from /usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages (python 3.6)

回答 8

在Mac OS X Mojave python代表的2.7版本，Python和python3为版本3.同样是Pythonpip和pip3。所以，要升级pip为python 3做到这一点：

~$ sudo pip3 install --upgrade pip
点击查看英文原文

On Mac OS X Mojave python stands for python of version 2.7 and python3 for python of version 3. The same is pip and pip3. So, to upgrade pip for python 3 do this: 

~$ sudo pip3 install --upgrade pip

回答 9

在MacOS 10.12上

下载点数：pip asget-pip.py

下载python3：python3

  1. 安装python3
  2. 打开终端： python3 get-pip.py
  3. pip3 可用
点击查看英文原文

On MacOS 10.12

download pip: pip as get-pip.py

download python3: python3

  1. install python3
  2. open terminal: python3 get-pip.py
  3. pip3 is available

回答 10

pip 使用brew通过python2自动安装：

  1. brew install python3
  2. pip3 --version
点击查看英文原文

pip is installed automatically with python2 using brew:

  1. brew install python3
  2. pip3 --version

回答 11

如果您的Mac上未安装pip，则只需在终端上运行以下命令即可。

sudo easy_install pip

在此处下载python 3： python3

完成这两个步骤后，请确保运行以下命令以验证是否已成功安装它们。

python3 --version
pip3 --version
点击查看英文原文

simply run following on terminal if you don’t have pip installed on your mac.

sudo easy_install pip

download python 3 here: python3

once you’re done with these 2 steps, make sure to run the following to verify whether you’ve installed them successfully.

python3 --version
pip3 --version

回答 12

对于全新的Mac，您需要执行以下步骤：-

  1. 确保已安装 Xcode
  2. sudo easy_install pip
  3. /usr/bin/ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)"
  4. brew doctor
  5. brew doctor
  6. brew install python3

完成后，只需python3在终端上键入，就会看到安装了python 3。

点击查看英文原文

For a fresh new Mac, you need to follow below steps:-

  1. Make sure you have installed Xcode
  2. sudo easy_install pip
  3. /usr/bin/ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)"
  4. brew doctor
  5. brew doctor
  6. brew install python3

And you are done, just type python3 on terminal and you will see python 3 installed.

回答 13

我在python3和pip3中遇到了同样的问题。决策：使用链接和其他东西解决所有冲突

brew doctor

之后

brew reinstall python3
点击查看英文原文

I had the same problem with python3 and pip3. Decision: solving all conflicts with links and other stuff when do 

brew doctor

After that

brew reinstall python3
知识问答

pip安装后，virtualenvwrapper.sh在哪里？

问题：pip安装后，virtualenvwrapper.sh在哪里？

我正在尝试在OSX上设置virtualenvwrapper，发现的所有说明和教程都告诉我向.profile添加源命令，指向virtualenvwrapper.sh。我已经检查了所有的python和site-packages目录，但找不到任何virtualenvwrapper.sh。这是我需要单独下载的东西吗？pip安装不正确吗？

这是/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/virtualenvwrapper的内容：

hook_loader.py      hook_loader.pyc     project.py      project.pyc     user_scripts.py     user_scripts.pyc

如您所见，没有virtualenvwrapper.sh。它在哪里？

点击查看英文原文

I’m trying to setup virtualenvwrapper on OSX, and all the instructions and tutorials I’ve found tell me to add a source command to .profile, pointing towards virtualenvwrapper.sh. I’ve checked all the python and site-packages directories, and I can’t find any virtualenvwrapper.sh. Is this something I need to download separately? Is pip not installing correctly?

This is the contents of /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/virtualenvwrapper:

hook_loader.py      hook_loader.pyc     project.py      project.pyc     user_scripts.py     user_scripts.pyc

As you can see, no virtualenvwrapper.sh. Where is it?

回答 0

您可以使用以下find命令搜索文件：

find / -name virtualenvwrapper.sh

这将从根目录的所有目录中搜索该文件。

在ubuntu 12.04 LTS上，通过pip安装，它已安装到

/usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

在ubuntu 17.04上，以pip身份作为普通用户安装，它已安装到

~/.local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

点击查看英文原文

You can use the find command to search for a file:

find / -name virtualenvwrapper.sh

This will search all directories from the root for the file.

on ubuntu 12.04 LTS, installing through pip, it is installed to

/usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

on ubuntu 17.04, installing through pip as a normal user, it is installed to

~/.local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

回答 1

您已经尝试过吗？

$ which virtualenvwrapper.sh
点击查看英文原文

did you already try this ?

$ which virtualenvwrapper.sh

回答 2

我只是用pip重新安装了它。

sudo pip uninstall virtualenvwrapper
sudo pip install virtualenvwrapper

这次将其放在/ usr / local / bin中。

点击查看英文原文

I just reinstalled it with pip.

sudo pip uninstall virtualenvwrapper
sudo pip install virtualenvwrapper

And this time it put it in /usr/local/bin.

回答 3

各个OS所存储/定位的virtualenvwrapper.sh 的确切路径 有所不同。即使在相同的操作系统中，它也因版本而异。因此，我们需要适用于所有OS版本的通用解决方案。

我找到其路径的最简单方法是：

pip uninstall virtualenvwrapper

这将提示您进行确认。说“否”，但确认的第一行显示virtualenvwrapper.sh的路径（提示提供了将删除的文件列表，如果您说是的话。此列表中的第一项包含您计算机中virtualenvwrapper.sh的路径）

点击查看英文原文

The exact path where virtualenvwrapper.sh is stored/located varies from OS to OS. Even with in same OS, it varies from version to version. So we need a generic solution that works for all OS versions.

Easiest way I have found to find its path is: Do

pip uninstall virtualenvwrapper

This will prompt a confirmation. Say “No” But first line of confirmation shows the path of virtualenvwrapper.sh (Prompt gives a list of files it will delete, if you say Yes. First entry in this list contains path to virtualenvwrapper.sh in your machine)

回答 4

或者像我一样..只需卸载virtualenvwrapper

sudo pip卸载virtualenvwrapper

然后使用easy_install进行安装

sudo easy_install virtualenvwrapper

这次我发现已安装文件“ /usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh ” …在此之前，即使通过此命令我也找不到任何位置的文件

查找/ -name virtualenvwrapper.sh

点击查看英文原文

or, like I did..just uninstall virtualenvwrapper

sudo pip uninstall virtualenvwrapper

and then install it with easy_install

sudo easy_install virtualenvwrapper

this time I found the file “/usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh” installed… Before that I weren’t finding that file anywhere even by this command

find / -name virtualenvwrapper.sh

回答 5

在Mac OS上

which virtualenvwrapper.sh

你懂得 

/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

而且你可以 

sudo ln /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh /usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

在你的 .bash_profile

source /usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

或者你可以

source /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh
点击查看英文原文

On Mac OS

which virtualenvwrapper.sh

u got 

/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

and u can 

sudo ln /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh /usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

and in your .bash_profile

source /usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

or u can

source /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

回答 6

在OS X 10.8.2中，使用Python 2.7：

/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

点击查看英文原文

In OS X 10.8.2, with Python 2.7:

/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

回答 7

在OSx EI机长中，我将virtualenvwrapper安装为

sudo pip3 install virtualenvwrapper

，但是我在中找不到virtualenvwrapper.sh /user/local/bin，它终于在找到了/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.4/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh，您可以通过以下方式建立到/ usr / local / bin的软链接：

ln -s /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.4/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh /usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh，您可以按照官方文档的说明按照安装指南进行操作。祝好运！

点击查看英文原文

In OSx EI captain, I installed the virtualenvwrapper as

sudo pip3 install virtualenvwrapper

, however I cannot find the virtualenvwrapper.sh in /user/local/bin, it was finally found at /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.4/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh , and you can make an soft link to /usr/local/bin as

ln -s /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.4/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh /usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh, and everything you can just follow the setup guide as the official document does. Good luck!

回答 8

对我来说是：

~/Library/Python/2.7/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

（对于OS X，带有pip install --user安装）

点击查看英文原文

For me it was in :

~/Library/Python/2.7/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

(With OS X, with a pip install --user installation)

回答 9

我也有同样的问题。如果您使用的是virtualenvwrapper的旧版本，则pip无法正常工作。

从http://pypi.python.org/pypi/virtualenvwrapper/3.6 和python setup.py安装文件下载src 。然后问题解决了。

点击查看英文原文

I have the same problem. If you have older version of virtualenvwrapper, then pip wont work.

download src from http://pypi.python.org/pypi/virtualenvwrapper/3.6 and python setup.py install. Then the problem solved.

回答 10

对于基于RPM的发行版（如Fedora 19），运行sudo pip install virtualenvwrapper命令后，您可以在以下位置找到文件：

/usr/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh
点击查看英文原文

For RPM-based distributions(like Fedora 19), after running the sudo pip install virtualenvwrapper command, you may find the file at:

/usr/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

回答 11

使用普通用户在Ubuntu 15.10上使用pip安装了它，并~/.local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh通过运行找到了它：

$ find / -name virtualenvwrapper.sh 2>/dev/null

点击查看英文原文

Installed it using pip on Ubuntu 15.10 using a normal user, it was put in ~/.local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh which I found by running:

$ find / -name virtualenvwrapper.sh 2>/dev/null

回答 12

使用 

find / -name virtualenvwrapper.sh

我收到大量“拒绝权限”的信息，并且只有一个文件位置的打印输出。我错过了它，直到我用pip再次卸载/安装该文件时找到了该文件位置。

万一你好奇，那是在 

/usr/local/share/python/virtualenvwrapper.sh
点击查看英文原文

Using 

find / -name virtualenvwrapper.sh

I got a TON of “permissions denied”s, and exactly one printout of the file location. I missed it until I found that file location when I uninstall/installed it again with pip.

In case you were curious, it was in 

/usr/local/share/python/virtualenvwrapper.sh

回答 13

就我而言（OSX El Capitan，版本10.11.5），我需要按如下方式编辑.profile：

在终端中：

vim〜/ .profile

export WORKON_HOME=$HOME/.virtualenvs
export MSYS_HOME=C:\msys\1.0
source /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

然后重新加载配置文件（它将在当前会话中可用。）

来源〜/ .profile

希望它会帮助某人。

点击查看英文原文

In my case (OSX El Capitan, version 10.11.5) I needed to edit the .profile like so:

In the terminal:

vim ~/.profile

export WORKON_HOME=$HOME/.virtualenvs
export MSYS_HOME=C:\msys\1.0
source /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

And then reload the profile (that it will be availuble in the current session.)

source ~/.profile

Hope it will help someone.

回答 14

我在玩virtualenvwrapper-4.8.4时可以在macOS Mojave（10.14）中找到一个

/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

点击查看英文原文

I can find one in macOS Mojave (10.14) while playing with virtualenvwrapper-4.8.4

/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

回答 15

尽管这是OS X的问题，但这是在Linux（Red Hat）上对我有用的东西。

我的virtualwrapper.sh在

~/.local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

这可能是因为我使用--user标记在本地安装了virtualenvwrapper …

pip install --user virtualenvwrapper

……作为替代冒险的做法使用sudo pip。

点击查看英文原文

Although this is an OS X question, here’s what worked for me on Linux (Red Hat).

My virtualwrapper.sh was in

~/.local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

This is probably because I installed virtualenvwrapper locally, using the --user flag…

pip install --user virtualenvwrapper

…as an alternative to the risky practice of using sudo pip.

回答 16

/usr/share/virtualenvwrapper/virtualenvwrapper.sh

我已经在Ubuntu 16.04上安装了它，并找到了这个位置。

点击查看英文原文 
/usr/share/virtualenvwrapper/virtualenvwrapper.sh

I’ve installed it on Ubuntu 16.04 and it resulted in this location.

回答 17

/usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh
点击查看英文原文 
/usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

回答 18

小猎犬骨头黑（debian）也有同样的问题。

手动下载软件包并安装对我有用。

点击查看英文原文

I had the same issue in with the beagle bone black(debian).

Manually downloading the package and installing worked for me.

回答 19

对于Ubuntu，
如果您刚刚安装了它，请检查Terminal上的输出，我在发布我的：

Running setup.py install for virtualenv-clone    
Installing virtualenv-clone script to /home/username/.local/bin
Successfully installed virtualenvwrapper virtualenv virtualenv-clone stevedore pbr six
Cleaning up...

第二行告诉您路径。对我来说/home/username/.local/bin

点击查看英文原文

For Ubuntu
If you just installed it, check the output on Terminal, I’m posting mine :

Running setup.py install for virtualenv-clone    
Installing virtualenv-clone script to /home/username/.local/bin
Successfully installed virtualenvwrapper virtualenv virtualenv-clone stevedore pbr six
Cleaning up...

Here the second line tells you the path. For me it was at /home/username/.local/bin

回答 20

点子不会试图让您为难。

问题是基于命令的文件始终安装在/bin文件夹中，它们可以位于系统路径上的任何位置。

我遇到了同样的问题，发现我的文件中有这些文件

~/.local/bin/

文件夹而不是

/usr/loca/bin/

这是常见的情况，但我认为他们将默认路径更改为

~ 或$ HOME

目录，因为它对pip安装更隔离，并提供了apt-get软件包和pip软件包之间的区别。

所以说到这里，您有两种选择，要么转到 .bashrc，然后进行如下更改

# for virtualenv wrapper
export WORKON_HOME=$HOME/Envs
export PROJECT_HOME=$HOME/Devel
source $HOME/.local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

然后在下面创建目录virtualenvwrapper， /usr/share/然后像这样符号链接您的virtualwrapper_lazy.sh

sudo ln -s ~/.local/bin/virtualenvwrapper_lazy.sh /usr/share/virtualenvwrapper/virtualenvwrapper_lazy.sh

并且您可以检查您的workon命令是否正在运行，该命令将列出您现有的virtualenv。

点击查看英文原文

pip will not try to make things difficult for you on purpose.

The thing is commands based files are always installed in /bin folders they can be anywhere on the system path.

I had the same problem and I found that I have these files in my

~/.local/bin/

folder instead of

/usr/loca/bin/

which is the common case, but I think they changed the default path to

~ or $HOME

directory because its more isolate for the pip installations and provides a distinction between apt-get packages and pip packages.

So coming to the point you have two choices here either you go to your .bashrc and make changes like this

# for virtualenv wrapper
export WORKON_HOME=$HOME/Envs
export PROJECT_HOME=$HOME/Devel
source $HOME/.local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

and than create a directory virtualenvwrapper under /usr/share/ and than symlink your virtualwrapper_lazy.sh like this

sudo ln -s ~/.local/bin/virtualenvwrapper_lazy.sh /usr/share/virtualenvwrapper/virtualenvwrapper_lazy.sh

and you can check if your workon command is working which will list your existing virtualenv’s.

回答 21

如果您pip install virtualenvwrapper不使用sudo来执行，那么普通的用户pip将运行，但由于缺少权限而不会在所需位置复制文件。

mortiz@florida:~# sudo pip3 install virtualenvwrapper

使用sudo，文件将在它们各自的路径下创建：

root@florida:/usr/local/bin# ls -ltr
total 8008
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root staff 8136192 Jun 11 17:45 chromedriver
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root staff   41697 Sep  5 16:06 virtualenvwrapper.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root staff    2210 Sep  5 16:06 virtualenvwrapper_lazy.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root staff     215 Sep  5 16:06 pbr
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root staff     218 Sep  5 16:06 virtualenv-clone
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root staff     213 Sep  5 16:06 virtualenv
root@florida:/usr/local/bin#

在Debian GNU / Linux 9上为我工作

点击查看英文原文

If you execute pip install virtualenvwrapper without sudo as a normal user pip will run but won’t copy the files in the required locations because the lack of permissions.

mortiz@florida:~# sudo pip3 install virtualenvwrapper

Use sudo and the files will be created under their respective paths:

root@florida:/usr/local/bin# ls -ltr
total 8008
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root staff 8136192 Jun 11 17:45 chromedriver
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root staff   41697 Sep  5 16:06 virtualenvwrapper.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root staff    2210 Sep  5 16:06 virtualenvwrapper_lazy.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root staff     215 Sep  5 16:06 pbr
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root staff     218 Sep  5 16:06 virtualenv-clone
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root staff     213 Sep  5 16:06 virtualenv
root@florida:/usr/local/bin#

Worked for me on Debian GNU/Linux 9

回答 22

就我而言：/home/username/.local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

点击查看英文原文

in my case: /home/username/.local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

回答 23

您是否使用sudo安装了它？在我的情况下是错误。

点击查看英文原文

Have you installed it using sudo? Was the error in my case.

知识问答

在Mac上安装python模块的最兼容方法是什么？

问题：在Mac上安装python模块的最兼容方法是什么？

我开始学习python并热爱它。我主要在Mac和Linux上工作。我发现在Linux（主要是Ubuntu 9.04）上，使用apt-get安装python模块时，它工作正常。我可以轻松导入它。

在Mac上，我习惯于使用Macports安装所有Unixy东西。但是，我发现我安装的大多数python模块都没有被python看到。我花了一些时间玩弄PATH设置并使用python_select。什么都没有真正起作用，在这一点上我还不是很了解，相反，我只是闲逛。

我得到的印象是Macports在管理python模块方面并不广受喜爱。我想使用更“接受”（如果正确的话）的方法重新开始。

因此，我想知道Mac python开发人员使用什么方法来管理其模块？

奖励问题：

您使用Apple的python还是其他版本？您是从源代码编译所有内容，还是有运行良好的软件包管理器（Fink？）。

点击查看英文原文

I’m starting to learn python and loving it. I work on a Mac mainly as well as Linux. I’m finding that on Linux (Ubuntu 9.04 mostly) when I install a python module using apt-get it works fine. I can import it with no trouble.

On the Mac, I’m used to using Macports to install all the Unixy stuff. However, I’m finding that most of the python modules I install with it are not being seen by python. I’ve spent some time playing around with PATH settings and using python_select . Nothing has really worked and at this point I’m not really understanding, instead I’m just poking around.

I get the impression that Macports isn’t universally loved for managing python modules. I’d like to start fresh using a more “accepted” (if that’s the right word) approach.

So, I was wondering, what is the method that Mac python developers use to manage their modules?

Bonus questions:

Do you use Apple’s python, or some other version? Do you compile everything from source or is there a package manger that works well (Fink?).

回答 0

管理python软件包的最流行方法（如果您不使用系统软件包管理器）是使用setuptools和easy_install。它可能已经安装在您的系统上。像这样使用它：

easy_install django

easy_install使用Python软件包索引 ，这对于python开发人员来说是一个了不起的资源。环顾四周，看看有哪些软件包可用。

更好的选择是pip，它越来越受欢迎，因为它试图解决与easy_install相关的许多问题。Pip使用与easy_install相同的软件包存储库，但效果更好。真正唯一需要使用easy_install的时间是此命令：

easy_install pip

之后，使用：

pip install django

在某个时候，您可能需要学习有关virtualenv的知识。如果您在软件包需求冲突的项目上进行大量的python开发，那么virtualenv是天赐之物。它将允许您使用各种软件包的完全不同的版本，并根据需要在它们之间轻松切换。

关于使用哪个python，坚持使用Apple的python会让您头疼最少，但是如果您需要更新的版本（我相信Leopard是2.5.1），我会选择macports python 2.6。

点击查看英文原文

The most popular way to manage python packages (if you’re not using your system package manager) is to use setuptools and easy_install. It is probably already installed on your system. Use it like this:

easy_install django

easy_install uses the Python Package Index which is an amazing resource for python developers. Have a look around to see what packages are available.

A better option is pip, which is gaining traction, as it attempts to fix a lot of the problems associated with easy_install. Pip uses the same package repository as easy_install, it just works better. Really the only time use need to use easy_install is for this command:

easy_install pip

After that, use:

pip install django

At some point you will probably want to learn a bit about virtualenv. If you do a lot of python development on projects with conflicting package requirements, virtualenv is a godsend. It will allow you to have completely different versions of various packages, and switch between them easily depending your needs.

Regarding which python to use, sticking with Apple’s python will give you the least headaches, but If you need a newer version (Leopard is 2.5.1 I believe), I would go with the macports python 2.6.

回答 1

您的问题已经三岁了，有些其他答案未涵盖的细节：

我认识的大多数人都使用HomeBrew或MacPorts，因此我更喜欢MacPorts，因为它清晰地默认了Mac OS X环境和我的开发设置。只需移出/ opt文件夹并使用普通用户Python环境测试您的软件包即可

MacPorts仅可在Mac中移植，但是通过easy_install或pip，您将学习如何在任何平台（Win / Mac / Linux / Bsd …）上设置环境。此外，它将始终是最新的，并且具有更多的软件包

我个人让MacPorts处理我的Python模块以保持所有更新。像任何其他高级软件包管理器（即apt-get）一样，对于具有大量二进制相关性的繁重模块而言，这要好得多。我无法用easy_install或pip构建Qt绑定（PySide）。Qt非常庞大，需要大量编译。一旦您想要一个需要非Python程序使用的库的Python包，请尝试避免easy_install或pip

在某些时候，您会发现MacPorts中缺少某些软件包。我不相信MacPorts会为您提供整个CheeseShop。例如，最近我需要Elixir模块，但是MacPorts仅提供py25-elixir和py26-elixir，没有py27版本。在这种情况下，您可以：

pip-2.7安装–user elixir

（确保您总是输入pip-（version））

这将在您的主目录中构建一个额外的Python库。是的，Python将在一个以上的库位置中工作：一个库由MacPorts控制，而一个用户本地库则用于MacPorts中缺少的所有内容。

现在注意，我更喜欢pip而不是easy_install。有充分的理由应该避免使用setuptools和easy_install。这是一个很好的解释，我尝试远离它们。pip的一项非常有用的功能是为您提供与MacPorts，easy_install和pip本身一起安装的所有模块（及其版本）的列表：

pip-2.7冻结

如果您已经开始使用easy_install，请放心，pip可以识别easy_install已经完成的所有操作，甚至可以升级随其安装的软件包。

如果您是开发人员，请密切注意virtualenv，以控制不同的设置和模块版本的组合。其他答案已经提到了它，到目前为止没有提到的是Tox模块，该工具用于测试您的软件包是否可以在不同的Python版本中正确安装。

尽管我通常没有版本冲突，但我还是喜欢virtualenv来设置一个干净的环境并清晰地查看我的软件包依赖项。这样，我就永远不会忘记setup.py中的任何依赖项

如果您选择MacPorts，请注意，不再选择同一软件包的多个版本，例如带有额外python_select软件包的旧Debian风格（出于兼容性，它仍然存在）。现在，您可以使用select命令选择将使用哪个Python版本（甚至可以选择Apple安装的版本）：

$  port select python
Available versions for python:
    none
    python25-apple
    python26-apple
    python27 (active)
    python27-apple
    python32

$ port select python python32

在它上面添加tox，您的程序应该真正可移植

点击查看英文原文

Your question is already three years old and there are some details not covered in other answers:

Most people I know use HomeBrew or MacPorts, I prefer MacPorts because of its clean cut of what is a default Mac OS X environment and my development setup. Just move out your /opt folder and test your packages with a normal user Python environment

MacPorts is only portable within Mac, but with easy_install or pip you will learn how to setup your environment in any platform (Win/Mac/Linux/Bsd…). Furthermore it will always be more up to date and with more packages

I personally let MacPorts handle my Python modules to keep everything updated. Like any other high level package manager (ie: apt-get) it is much better for the heavy lifting of modules with lots of binary dependencies. There is no way I would build my Qt bindings (PySide) with easy_install or pip. Qt is huge and takes a lot to compile. As soon as you want a Python package that needs a library used by non Python programs, try to avoid easy_install or pip

At some point you will find that there are some packages missing within MacPorts. I do not believe that MacPorts will ever give you the whole CheeseShop. For example, recently I needed the Elixir module, but MacPorts only offers py25-elixir and py26-elixir, no py27 version. In cases like these you have:

pip-2.7 install –user elixir

( make sure you always type pip-(version) )

That will build an extra Python library in your home dir. Yes, Python will work with more than one library location: one controlled by MacPorts and a user local one for everything missing within MacPorts.

Now notice that I favor pip over easy_install. There is a good reason you should avoid setuptools and easy_install. Here is a good explanation and I try to keep away from them. One very useful feature of pip is giving you a list of all the modules (along their versions) that you installed with MacPorts, easy_install and pip itself:

pip-2.7 freeze

If you already started using easy_install, don’t worry, pip can recognize everything done already by easy_install and even upgrade the packages installed with it.

If you are a developer keep an eye on virtualenv for controlling different setups and combinations of module versions. Other answers mention it already, what is not mentioned so far is the Tox module, a tool for testing that your package installs correctly with different Python versions.

Although I usually do not have version conflicts, I like to have virtualenv to set up a clean environment and get a clear view of my packages dependencies. That way I never forget any dependencies in my setup.py

If you go for MacPorts be aware that multiple versions of the same package are not selected anymore like the old Debian style with an extra python_select package (it is still there for compatibility). Now you have the select command to choose which Python version will be used (you can even select the Apple installed ones):

$  port select python
Available versions for python:
    none
    python25-apple
    python26-apple
    python27 (active)
    python27-apple
    python32

$ port select python python32

Add tox on top of it and your programs should be really portable

回答 2

请参阅Python OS X开发环境。最好的方法是使用MacPorts。下载并安装MacPorts，然后通过在终端中键入以下命令来通过MacPorts安装Python：

须藤端口安装python26 python_select
sudo端口选择--set python python26

要么

须藤端口安装python30 python_select
sudo端口选择--set python python30

使用第一组命令安装Python 2.6，使用第二组命令安装Python 3.0。然后使用：

sudo端口安装py26-packagename

要么

sudo端口安装py30-packagename

在上述命令中，将packagename替换为软件包的名称，例如：

sudo端口安装py26-setuptools

这些命令将自动为给定的Python版本安装软件包（及其依赖项）。

有关Python可用软件包的完整列表，请键入：

端口列表| grep py26-

要么

端口列表| grep py30-

您使用哪个命令取决于您选择安装的Python版本。

点击查看英文原文

Please see Python OS X development environment. The best way is to use MacPorts. Download and install MacPorts, then install Python via MacPorts by typing the following commands in the Terminal:

sudo port install python26 python_select
sudo port select --set python python26

OR

sudo port install python30 python_select
sudo port select --set python python30

Use the first set of commands to install Python 2.6 and the second set to install Python 3.0. Then use:

sudo port install py26-packagename

OR

sudo port install py30-packagename

In the above commands, replace packagename with the name of the package, for example:

sudo port install py26-setuptools

These commands will automatically install the package (and its dependencies) for the given Python version.

For a full list of available packages for Python, type:

port list | grep py26-

OR

port list | grep py30-

Which command you use depends on which version of Python you chose to install.

回答 3

我使用MacPorts将Python和MacPorts跟踪的任何第三方模块/opt/local安装到中，并且将任何手动安装的模块（不在MacPorts存储库中的模块）安装到中/usr/local，这从来没有引起任何问题。我认为您可能对某些MacPorts脚本和环境变量的使用感到困惑。

MacPorts python_select用于选择“当前”版本的Python，但与模块无关。例如，这允许您使用MacPorts安装Python 2.5和Python 2.6，并在安装之间进行切换。

该$PATH环境变量并没有影响Python模块被加载的内容。$PYTHONPATH是您要寻找的。$PYTHONPATH应该指向包含要加载的Python模块的目录。就我而言，我的$PYTHONPATH变量包含/usr/local/lib/python26/site-packages。如果您使用MacPorts的Python，它将为您设置其他适当的目录，因此您只需向添加其他路径$PYTHONPATH。但是同样，$PATH当Python搜索您已安装的模块时，根本不使用它。

$PATH 被用于查找可执行文件，所以如果你安装的MacPorts’的Python，确保/opt/local/bin在你的$PATH。

点击查看英文原文

I use MacPorts to install Python and any third-party modules tracked by MacPorts into /opt/local, and I install any manually installed modules (those not in the MacPorts repository) into /usr/local, and this has never caused any problems. I think you may be confused as to the use of certain MacPorts scripts and environment variables.

MacPorts python_select is used to select the “current” version of Python, but it has nothing to do with modules. This allows you to, e.g., install both Python 2.5 and Python 2.6 using MacPorts, and switch between installs.

The $PATH environment variables does not affect what Python modules are loaded. $PYTHONPATH is what you are looking for. $PYTHONPATH should point to directories containing Python modules you want to load. In my case, my $PYTHONPATH variable contains /usr/local/lib/python26/site-packages. If you use MacPorts’ Python, it sets up the other proper directories for you, so you only need to add additional paths to $PYTHONPATH. But again, $PATH isn’t used at all when Python searches for modules you have installed.

$PATH is used to find executables, so if you install MacPorts’ Python, make sure /opt/local/bin is in your $PATH.

回答 4

使用MacPorts Python安装没有任何问题。如果要从MacPorts安装python模块，但看不到它们，则可能意味着您不调用安装的MacPorts python。在终端外壳中，您可以使用绝对路径来调用可能安装的各种Python。例如：

$ /usr/bin/python2.5         # Apple-supplied 2.5 (Leopard)
$ /opt/local/bin/python2.5   # MacPorts 2.5
$ /opt/local/bin/python2.6   # MacPorts 2.6
$ /usr/local/bin/python2.6   # python.org (MacPython) 2.6
$ /usr/local/bin/python3.1   # python.org (MacPython) 3.1

要在默认情况下获取正确的python，需要确保您的shell $ PATH设置正确，以确保首先找到正确的可执行文件。另一个解决方案是为各种python定义shell别名。

就像其他人建议的那样，也可以使用python.org（MacPython）安装。 easy_install 同样可以提供帮助，但是，由于每个Python实例可能都有自己的easy_install命令，因此请确保您调用的是right easy_install。

点击查看英文原文

There’s nothing wrong with using a MacPorts Python installation. If you are installing python modules from MacPorts but then not seeing them, that likely means you are not invoking the MacPorts python you installed to. In a terminal shell, you can use absolute paths to invoke the various Pythons that may be installed. For example:

$ /usr/bin/python2.5         # Apple-supplied 2.5 (Leopard)
$ /opt/local/bin/python2.5   # MacPorts 2.5
$ /opt/local/bin/python2.6   # MacPorts 2.6
$ /usr/local/bin/python2.6   # python.org (MacPython) 2.6
$ /usr/local/bin/python3.1   # python.org (MacPython) 3.1

To get the right python by default requires ensuring your shell $PATH is set properly to ensure that the right executable is found first. Another solution is to define shell aliases to the various pythons.

A python.org (MacPython) installation is fine, too, as others have suggested. easy_install can help but, again, because each Python instance may have its own easy_install command, make sure you are invoking the right easy_install.

回答 5

如果您从MacPorts使用Python，则它具有自己的easy_install，位于：/opt/local/bin/easy_install-2.6（对于py26而言）。这与简单地直接调用easy_install不同，即使您使用python_select更改了默认的python命令也是如此。

点击查看英文原文

If you use Python from MacPorts, it has it’s own easy_install located at: /opt/local/bin/easy_install-2.6 (for py26, that is). It’s not the same one as simply calling easy_install directly, even if you used python_select to change your default python command.

回答 6

您有没有研究过easy_install？它不会同步您的macports或类似的东西，但是会自动下载最新的软件包和所有必要的依赖项，即

easy_install nose

用于鼻子单元测试包，或

easy_install trac

对于tracbug跟踪系统。

他们的EasyInstall页面上也有更多信息。

点击查看英文原文

Have you looked into easy_install at all? It won’t synchronize your macports or anything like that, but it will automatically download the latest package and all necessary dependencies, i.e.

easy_install nose

for the nose unit testing package, or

easy_install trac

for the trac bug tracker.

There’s a bit more information on their EasyInstall page too.

回答 7

对于MacPython安装，我在此博客文章中找到了一种用于解决setuptools（easy_install）问题的有效解决方案：

http://droidism.com/getting-running-with-django-and-macpython-26-on-leopard

一个方便的技巧包括找出终端中哪个版本的python是活动的：

which python
点击查看英文原文

For MacPython installations, I found an effective solution to fixing the problem with setuptools (easy_install) in this blog post:

http://droidism.com/getting-running-with-django-and-macpython-26-on-leopard

One handy tip includes finding out which version of python is active in the terminal:

which python

回答 8

使用MacPorts安装模块时，它不会进入Apple的Python版本。而是将这些模块安装到所选的MacPorts版本的Python中。

您可以使用名为python_select的mac端口更改默认使用的Python版本。这里的说明。

另外，还有easy_install。它将使用python安装python模块。

点击查看英文原文

When you install modules with MacPorts, it does not go into Apple’s version of Python. Instead those modules are installed onto the MacPorts version of Python selected.

You can change which version of Python is used by default using a mac port called python_select. instructions here.

Also, there’s easy_install. Which will use python to install python modules.

回答 9

您可能已经pip3预先安装了，请尝试一下！

点击查看英文原文

You may already have pip3 pre-installed, so just try it!

回答 10

关于使用哪个python版本，Mac OS通常会附带一个旧版本的python。升级到新版本是一个好主意。您可以从http://www.python.org/download/下载.dmg 。如果这样做，请记住更新路径。您可以在此处找到确切的命令http://farmdev.com/thoughts/66/python-3-0-on-mac-os-x-alongside-2-6-2-5-etc-/

点击查看英文原文

Regarding which python version to use, Mac OS usually ships an old version of python. It’s a good idea to upgrade to a newer version. You can download a .dmg from http://www.python.org/download/ . If you do that, remember to update the path. You can find the exact commands here http://farmdev.com/thoughts/66/python-3-0-on-mac-os-x-alongside-2-6-2-5-etc-/

回答 11

我将easy_install与Apple的Python配合使用，它的工作原理很吸引人。

点击查看英文原文

I use easy_install with Apple’s Python, and it works like a charm.

回答 12

直接安装其中一个fink软件包（2013年11月开始的Django 1.6）

fink install django-py27
fink install django-py33

或者创建一个虚拟环境：

fink install virtualenv-py27
virtualenv django-env
source django-env/bin/activate
pip install django
deactivate # when you are done

或者在virtualenv中使用fink django以及任何其他pip安装的软件包

fink install django-py27
fink install virtualenv-py27
virtualenv django-env --system-site-packages
source django-env/bin/activate
# django already installed
pip install django-analytical # or anything else you might want
deactivate # back to your normally scheduled programming
点击查看英文原文

Directly install one of the fink packages (Django 1.6 as of 2013-Nov)

fink install django-py27
fink install django-py33

Or create yourself a virtualenv:

fink install virtualenv-py27
virtualenv django-env
source django-env/bin/activate
pip install django
deactivate # when you are done

Or use fink django plus any other pip installed packages in a virtualenv

fink install django-py27
fink install virtualenv-py27
virtualenv django-env --system-site-packages
source django-env/bin/activate
# django already installed
pip install django-analytical # or anything else you might want
deactivate # back to your normally scheduled programming
知识问答

在Windows和Mac OS中都使用Python中的默认OS应用程序打开文档

问题：在Windows和Mac OS中都使用Python中的默认OS应用程序打开文档

我需要能够使用Windows和Mac OS中的默认应用程序打开文档。基本上，我想做的事情与您在资源管理器或Finder中双击文档图标时发生的事情相同。用Python做到这一点的最佳方法是什么？

点击查看英文原文

I need to be able to open a document using its default application in Windows and Mac OS. Basically, I want to do the same thing that happens when you double-click on the document icon in Explorer or Finder. What is the best way to do this in Python?

回答 0

open和start分别是Mac OS / X和Windows的命令解释器。

要从Python调用它们，可以使用subprocessmodule或os.system()。

以下是有关使用哪个软件包的注意事项：

  1. 您可以通过调用给他们os.system，该电话有效，但是…

    转义： os.system仅适用于路径名中没有空格或其他shell元字符的文件名（例如A:\abc\def\a.txt），否则需要转义。有shlex.quote针对Unix的系统，但没有Windows的真正标准。也许还会看到python，windows：用shlex解析命令行

    • MacOS / X： os.system("open " + shlex.quote(filename))
    • Windows：也应避免os.system("start " + filename)在适当的地方说话filename。

  2. 您也可以通过subprocess模块调用它们，但是…

    对于Python 2.7及更高版本，只需使用

    subprocess.check_call(['open', filename])

    在Python 3.5+中，您可以等效地使用稍微更复杂但也更通用的功能

    subprocess.run(['open', filename], check=True)

    如果您需要一直兼容Python 2.4，则可以使用subprocess.call()并实现自己的错误检查：

    try:
    retcode = subprocess.call("open " + filename, shell=True)
    if retcode < 0:
        print >>sys.stderr, "Child was terminated by signal", -retcode
    else:
        print >>sys.stderr, "Child returned", retcode
except OSError, e:
    print >>sys.stderr, "Execution failed:", e

    现在，使用的好处是subprocess什么？

    • 安全性：从理论上讲，这是更安全的方法，但是实际上我们需要以一种或另一种方式执行命令行。在这两种环境中，我们都需要环境和服务来解释，获取路径等。在这两种情况下，我们都不执行任意文本，因此它没有固有的“但您可以键入'filename ; rm -rf /'”问题，并且如果文件名可以被破坏，则使用subprocess.call不会给我们带来更多的保护。
    • 错误处理：实际上并没有给我们提供更多的错误检测功能，retcode无论哪种情况我们都取决于 但是在错误的情况下显式引发异常的行为当然可以帮助您注意到是否存在故障（尽管在某些情况下，回溯可能根本不比简单地忽略错误更有用）。
    • 产生一个（非阻塞的）子流程：我们不需要等待子流程，因为我们通过问题陈述来启动一个单独的流程。

    反对“但subprocess首选”。但是，os.system()不建议弃用它，从某种意义上说，它是完成此特定工作的最简单工具。结论：os.system()因此使用也是正确的答案。

    明显的缺点是Windows start命令要求您传递shell=True，否定了使用的大多数好处subprocess。

点击查看英文原文

open and start are command-interpreter things for Mac OS/X and Windows respectively, to do this.

To call them from Python, you can either use subprocess module or os.system().

Here are considerations on which package to use:

  1. You can call them via os.system, which works, but…

    Escaping: os.system only works with filenames that don’t have any spaces or other shell metacharacters in the pathname (e.g. A:\abc\def\a.txt), or else these need to be escaped. There is shlex.quote for Unix-like systems, but nothing really standard for Windows. Maybe see also python, windows : parsing command lines with shlex

    • MacOS/X: os.system("open " + shlex.quote(filename))
    • Windows: os.system("start " + filename) where properly speaking filename should be escaped, too.

  2. You can also call them via subprocess module, but…

    For Python 2.7 and newer, simply use

    subprocess.check_call(['open', filename])

    In Python 3.5+ you can equivalently use the slightly more complex but also somewhat more versatile

    subprocess.run(['open', filename], check=True)

    If you need to be compatible all the way back to Python 2.4, you can use subprocess.call() and implement your own error checking:

    try:
    retcode = subprocess.call("open " + filename, shell=True)
    if retcode < 0:
        print >>sys.stderr, "Child was terminated by signal", -retcode
    else:
        print >>sys.stderr, "Child returned", retcode
except OSError, e:
    print >>sys.stderr, "Execution failed:", e

    Now, what are the advantages of using subprocess?

    • Security: In theory, this is more secure, but in fact we’re needing to execute a command line one way or the other; in either environment, we need the environment and services to interpret, get paths, and so forth. In neither case are we executing arbitrary text, so it doesn’t have an inherent “but you can type 'filename ; rm -rf /'” problem, and if the file name can be corrupted, using subprocess.call gives us little additional protection.
    • Error handling: It doesn’t actually give us any more error detection, we’re still depending on the retcode in either case; but the behavior to explicitly raise an exception in the case of an error will certainly help you notice if there is a failure (though in some scenarios, a traceback might not at all be more helpful than simply ignoring the error).
    • Spawns a (non-blocking) subprocess: We don’t need to wait for the child process, since we’re by problem statement starting a separate process.

    To the objection “But subprocess is preferred.” However, os.system() is not deprecated, and it’s in some sense the simplest tool for this particular job. Conclusion: using os.system() is therefore also a correct answer.

    A marked disadvantage is that the Windows start command requires you to pass in shell=True which negates most of the benefits of using subprocess.

回答 1

使用subprocessPython 2.4+上可用的模块，而不要使用os.system()，因此您不必处理外壳转义。

import subprocess, os, platform
if platform.system() == 'Darwin':       # macOS
    subprocess.call(('open', filepath))
elif platform.system() == 'Windows':    # Windows
    os.startfile(filepath)
else:                                   # linux variants
    subprocess.call(('xdg-open', filepath))

双括号是因为subprocess.call()希望将序列作为其第一个参数，因此我们在这里使用元组。在具有Gnome的Linux系统上，还有一个gnome-open命令可以执行相同的操作，但是xdg-open它是Free Desktop Foundation标准，并且可以在Linux桌面环境中使用。

点击查看英文原文

Use the subprocess module available on Python 2.4+, not os.system(), so you don’t have to deal with shell escaping.

import subprocess, os, platform
if platform.system() == 'Darwin':       # macOS
    subprocess.call(('open', filepath))
elif platform.system() == 'Windows':    # Windows
    os.startfile(filepath)
else:                                   # linux variants
    subprocess.call(('xdg-open', filepath))

The double parentheses are because subprocess.call() wants a sequence as its first argument, so we’re using a tuple here. On Linux systems with Gnome there is also a gnome-open command that does the same thing, but xdg-open is the Free Desktop Foundation standard and works across Linux desktop environments.

回答 2

我更喜欢：

os.startfile(path, 'open')

请注意，此模块支持在其文件夹和文件中带有空格的文件名，例如 

A:\abc\folder with spaces\file with-spaces.txt

（python docs）不必添加’open’（这是默认值）。文档特别提到这就像双击Windows资源管理器中的文件图标。

此解决方案仅适用于Windows。

点击查看英文原文

I prefer:

os.startfile(path, 'open')

Note that this module supports filenames that have spaces in their folders and files e.g. 

A:\abc\folder with spaces\file with-spaces.txt

(python docs) ‘open’ does not have to be added (it is the default). The docs specifically mention that this is like double-clicking on a file’s icon in Windows Explorer.

This solution is windows only.

回答 3

仅出于完整性考虑（这不是问题），xdg-open将在Linux上执行相同的操作。

点击查看英文原文

Just for completeness (it wasn’t in the question), xdg-open will do the same on Linux.

回答 4

import os
import subprocess

def click_on_file(filename):
    '''Open document with default application in Python.'''
    try:
        os.startfile(filename)
    except AttributeError:
        subprocess.call(['open', filename])
点击查看英文原文 
import os
import subprocess

def click_on_file(filename):
    '''Open document with default application in Python.'''
    try:
        os.startfile(filename)
    except AttributeError:
        subprocess.call(['open', filename])

回答 5

如果必须使用启发式方法，则可以考虑webbrowser。
它是标准库，尽管有其名称，它也会尝试打开文件：

请注意，在某些平台上，尝试使用此功能打开文件名可能有效并启动操作系统的关联程序。但是，这既不支持也不是可移植的。（参考）

我尝试了这段代码，它在Windows 7和Ubuntu Natty中运行良好：

import webbrowser
webbrowser.open("path_to_file")

使用Internet Explorer 8，此代码在Windows XP Professional中也可以正常工作。

点击查看英文原文

If you have to use an heuristic method, you may consider webbrowser.
It’s standard library and despite of its name it would also try to open files:

Note that on some platforms, trying to open a filename using this function, may work and start the operating system’s associated program. However, this is neither supported nor portable. (Reference)

I tried this code and it worked fine in Windows 7 and Ubuntu Natty:

import webbrowser
webbrowser.open("path_to_file")

This code also works fine in Windows XP Professional, using Internet Explorer 8.

回答 6

如果subprocess.call()要这样做，在Windows上应如下所示：

import subprocess
subprocess.call(('cmd', '/C', 'start', '', FILE_NAME))

您不能只使用：

subprocess.call(('start', FILE_NAME))

因为start 它不是可执行文件，而是cmd.exe程序的命令。这有效：

subprocess.call(('cmd', '/C', 'start', FILE_NAME))

但前提是FILE_NAME中没有空格。

尽管subprocess.call方法en正确引用了参数，但该start命令具有一种相当奇怪的语法，其中：

start notes.txt

除了：

start "notes.txt"

第一个带引号的字符串应设置窗口的标题。要使其与空格配合使用，我们必须执行以下操作：

start "" "my notes.txt"

这是最上面的代码的作用。

点击查看英文原文

If you want to go the subprocess.call() way, it should look like this on Windows:

import subprocess
subprocess.call(('cmd', '/C', 'start', '', FILE_NAME))

You can’t just use:

subprocess.call(('start', FILE_NAME))

because start is not an executable but a command of the cmd.exe program. This works:

subprocess.call(('cmd', '/C', 'start', FILE_NAME))

but only if there are no spaces in the FILE_NAME.

While subprocess.call method enquotes the parameters properly, the start command has a rather strange syntax, where:

start notes.txt

does something else than:

start "notes.txt"

The first quoted string should set the title of the window. To make it work with spaces, we have to do:

start "" "my notes.txt"

which is what the code on top does.

回答 7

开始不支持长路径名和空格。您必须将其转换为8.3兼容路径。

import subprocess
import win32api

filename = "C:\\Documents and Settings\\user\\Desktop\file.avi"
filename_short = win32api.GetShortPathName(filename)

subprocess.Popen('start ' + filename_short, shell=True )

该文件必须存在才能与API调用一起使用。

点击查看英文原文

Start does not support long path names and white spaces. You have to convert it to 8.3 compatible paths.

import subprocess
import win32api

filename = "C:\\Documents and Settings\\user\\Desktop\file.avi"
filename_short = win32api.GetShortPathName(filename)

subprocess.Popen('start ' + filename_short, shell=True )

The file has to exist in order to work with the API call.

回答 8

我已经很晚了，但是这里是使用Windows API的解决方案。这总是打开关联的应用程序。

import ctypes

shell32 = ctypes.windll.shell32
file = 'somedocument.doc'

shell32.ShellExecuteA(0,"open",file,0,0,5)

很多魔术常数。第一个零是当前程序的hwnd。可以为零。另外两个零是可选参数（参数和目录）。5 == SW_SHOW，它指定如何执行应用程序。阅读 ShellExecute API文档以获取更多信息。

点击查看英文原文

I am pretty late to the lot, but here is a solution using the windows api. This always opens the associated application.

import ctypes

shell32 = ctypes.windll.shell32
file = 'somedocument.doc'

shell32.ShellExecuteA(0,"open",file,0,0,5)

A lot of magic constants. The first zero is the hwnd of the current program. Can be zero. The other two zeros are optional parameters (parameters and directory). 5 == SW_SHOW, it specifies how to execute the app. Read the ShellExecute API docs for more info.

回答 9

在Mac OS上，您可以调用“打开”

import os
os.popen("open myfile.txt")

这将使用TextEdit打开该文件，或者将此文件类型设置为默认应用程序

点击查看英文原文

on mac os you can call ‘open’

import os
os.popen("open myfile.txt")

this would open the file with TextEdit, or whatever app is set as default for this filetype

回答 10

如果要指定用于在Mac OS X上打开文件的应用程序，请使用以下命令： os.system("open -a [app name] [file name]")

点击查看英文原文

If you want to specify the app to open the file with on Mac OS X, use this: os.system("open -a [app name] [file name]")

回答 11

在Windows 8.1上，下面的方法已经起作用，而其他给定的方法却subprocess.call失败了，并且路径中有空格。

subprocess.call('cmd /c start "" "any file path with spaces"')

通过之前利用此答案和其他答案，这是一个内联代码，可在多个平台上工作。

import sys, os, subprocess
subprocess.call(('cmd /c start "" "'+ filepath +'"') if os.name is 'nt' else ('open' if sys.platform.startswith('darwin') else 'xdg-open', filepath))
点击查看英文原文

On windows 8.1, below have worked while other given ways with subprocess.call fails with path has spaces in it.

subprocess.call('cmd /c start "" "any file path with spaces"')

By utilizing this and other’s answers before, here’s an inline code which works on multiple platforms.

import sys, os, subprocess
subprocess.call(('cmd /c start "" "'+ filepath +'"') if os.name is 'nt' else ('open' if sys.platform.startswith('darwin') else 'xdg-open', filepath))

回答 12

os.startfile(path, 'open')在Windows下，这是一个好习惯，因为当目录中存在空格时，os.system('start', path_name)无法正确打开应用程序；当目录中存在i18n时，则os.system需要将unicode更改为Windows中控制台的编解码器。

点击查看英文原文

os.startfile(path, 'open') under Windows is good because when spaces exist in the directory, os.system('start', path_name) can’t open the app correctly and when the i18n exist in the directory, os.system needs to change the unicode to the codec of the console in Windows.