哪种最佳数据结构可用于在Python中实现二叉树？

这是二进制搜索树的简单递归实现。

#!/usr/bin/python

class Node:
    def __init__(self, val):
        self.l = None
        self.r = None
        self.v = val

class Tree:
    def __init__(self):
        self.root = None

    def getRoot(self):
        return self.root

    def add(self, val):
        if self.root is None:
            self.root = Node(val)
        else:
            self._add(val, self.root)

    def _add(self, val, node):
        if val < node.v:
            if node.l is not None:
                self._add(val, node.l)
            else:
                node.l = Node(val)
        else:
            if node.r is not None:
                self._add(val, node.r)
            else:
                node.r = Node(val)

    def find(self, val):
        if self.root is not None:
            return self._find(val, self.root)
        else:
            return None

    def _find(self, val, node):
        if val == node.v:
            return node
        elif (val < node.v and node.l is not None):
            self._find(val, node.l)
        elif (val > node.v and node.r is not None):
            self._find(val, node.r)

    def deleteTree(self):
        # garbage collector will do this for us. 
        self.root = None

    def printTree(self):
        if self.root is not None:
            self._printTree(self.root)

    def _printTree(self, node):
        if node is not None:
            self._printTree(node.l)
            print(str(node.v) + ' ')
            self._printTree(node.r)

#     3
# 0     4
#   2      8
tree = Tree()
tree.add(3)
tree.add(4)
tree.add(0)
tree.add(8)
tree.add(2)
tree.printTree()
print(tree.find(3).v)
print(tree.find(10))
tree.deleteTree()
tree.printTree()

# simple binary tree
# in this implementation, a node is inserted between an existing node and the root


class BinaryTree():

    def __init__(self,rootid):
      self.left = None
      self.right = None
      self.rootid = rootid

    def getLeftChild(self):
        return self.left
    def getRightChild(self):
        return self.right
    def setNodeValue(self,value):
        self.rootid = value
    def getNodeValue(self):
        return self.rootid

    def insertRight(self,newNode):
        if self.right == None:
            self.right = BinaryTree(newNode)
        else:
            tree = BinaryTree(newNode)
            tree.right = self.right
            self.right = tree

    def insertLeft(self,newNode):
        if self.left == None:
            self.left = BinaryTree(newNode)
        else:
            tree = BinaryTree(newNode)
            tree.left = self.left
            self.left = tree


def printTree(tree):
        if tree != None:
            printTree(tree.getLeftChild())
            print(tree.getNodeValue())
            printTree(tree.getRightChild())



# test tree

def testTree():
    myTree = BinaryTree("Maud")
    myTree.insertLeft("Bob")
    myTree.insertRight("Tony")
    myTree.insertRight("Steven")
    printTree(myTree)

在此处了解更多信息：-这是一个非常简单的实现二进制树。

这是一个很好的教程，中间有问题

[采访所需的内容] Node类是足以表示二叉树的数据结构。

（尽管其他答案大多数都是正确的，但对于二叉树而言，它们不是必需的：无需扩展对象类，无需成为BST，无需导入双端队列）。

class Node:

    def __init__(self, value = None):
        self.left  = None
        self.right = None
        self.value = value

这是一棵树的例子：

n1 = Node(1)
n2 = Node(2)
n3 = Node(3)
n1.left  = n2
n1.right = n3

在此示例中，n1是具有n2，n3作为其子级的树的根。

BST在Python中的简单实现

class TreeNode:
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.left = None
        self.right = None
        self.data = value

class Tree:
    def __init__(self):
        self.root = None

    def addNode(self, node, value):
        if(node==None):
            self.root = TreeNode(value)
        else:
            if(value<node.data):
                if(node.left==None):
                    node.left = TreeNode(value)
                else:
                    self.addNode(node.left, value)
            else:
                if(node.right==None):
                    node.right = TreeNode(value)
                else:
                    self.addNode(node.right, value)

    def printInorder(self, node):
        if(node!=None):
            self.printInorder(node.left)
            print(node.data)
            self.printInorder(node.right)

def main():
    testTree = Tree()
    testTree.addNode(testTree.root, 200)
    testTree.addNode(testTree.root, 300)
    testTree.addNode(testTree.root, 100)
    testTree.addNode(testTree.root, 30)
    testTree.printInorder(testTree.root)

使用列表实现二叉树的一种非常快捷的方法。这不是最有效的方法，也不能很好地处理nil值。但这非常透明（至少对我而言）：

def _add(node, v):
    new = [v, [], []]
    if node:
        left, right = node[1:]
        if not left:
            left.extend(new)
        elif not right:
            right.extend(new)
        else:
            _add(left, v)
    else:
        node.extend(new)

def binary_tree(s):
    root = []
    for e in s:
        _add(root, e)
    return root

def traverse(n, order):
    if n:
        v = n[0]
        if order == 'pre':
            yield v
        for left in traverse(n[1], order):
            yield left
        if order == 'in':
            yield v
        for right in traverse(n[2], order):
            yield right
        if order == 'post':
            yield v

从可迭代构造树：

 >>> tree = binary_tree('A B C D E'.split())
 >>> print tree
 ['A', ['B', ['D', [], []], ['E', [], []]], ['C', [], []]]

遍历一棵树：

 >>> list(traverse(tree, 'pre')), list(traverse(tree, 'in')), list(traverse(tree, 'post'))
 (['A', 'B', 'D', 'E', 'C'],
  ['D', 'B', 'E', 'A', 'C'],
  ['D', 'E', 'B', 'C', 'A'])

我不禁注意到这里的大多数答案都在实现二进制搜索树。二进制搜索树！=二进制树。

• 二叉搜索树具有非常特殊的属性：对于任何节点X，X的密钥都大于其左子节点的任何后代的关键字，并且小于其右子节点的任何后代的关键字。

• 二叉树不施加这样的限制。二叉树只是具有“键”元素和两个孩子的数据结构，分别是“左”和“右”。

• 树是二进制树的更一般的情况，其中每个节点可以具有任意数量的子代。通常，每个节点都有一个“孩子”元素，其类型为列表/数组。

现在，为了回答OP的问题，我将在Python中包含Binary Tree的完整实现。给定它提供最佳的O（1）查找，存储每个BinaryTreeNode的基础数据结构是一个字典。我还实现了深度优先遍历和深度优先遍历。这些是在树上执行的非常常见的操作。

from collections import deque

class BinaryTreeNode:
    def __init__(self, key, left=None, right=None):
        self.key = key
        self.left = left
        self.right = right

    def __repr__(self):
        return "%s l: (%s) r: (%s)" % (self.key, self.left, self.right)

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if self.key == other.key and \
            self.right == other.right and \
                self.left == other.left:
            return True
        else:
            return False

class BinaryTree:
    def __init__(self, root_key=None):
        # maps from BinaryTreeNode key to BinaryTreeNode instance.
        # Thus, BinaryTreeNode keys must be unique.
        self.nodes = {}
        if root_key is not None:
            # create a root BinaryTreeNode
            self.root = BinaryTreeNode(root_key)
            self.nodes[root_key] = self.root

    def add(self, key, left_key=None, right_key=None):
        if key not in self.nodes:
            # BinaryTreeNode with given key does not exist, create it
            self.nodes[key] = BinaryTreeNode(key)
        # invariant: self.nodes[key] exists

        # handle left child
        if left_key is None:
            self.nodes[key].left = None
        else:
            if left_key not in self.nodes:
                self.nodes[left_key] = BinaryTreeNode(left_key)
            # invariant: self.nodes[left_key] exists
            self.nodes[key].left = self.nodes[left_key]

        # handle right child
        if right_key == None:
            self.nodes[key].right = None
        else:
            if right_key not in self.nodes:
                self.nodes[right_key] = BinaryTreeNode(right_key)
            # invariant: self.nodes[right_key] exists
            self.nodes[key].right = self.nodes[right_key]

    def remove(self, key):
        if key not in self.nodes:
            raise ValueError('%s not in tree' % key)
        # remove key from the list of nodes
        del self.nodes[key]
        # if node removed is left/right child, update parent node
        for k in self.nodes:
            if self.nodes[k].left and self.nodes[k].left.key == key:
                self.nodes[k].left = None
            if self.nodes[k].right and self.nodes[k].right.key == key:
                self.nodes[k].right = None
        return True

    def _height(self, node):
        if node is None:
            return 0
        else:
            return 1 + max(self._height(node.left), self._height(node.right))

    def height(self):
        return self._height(self.root)

    def size(self):
        return len(self.nodes)

    def __repr__(self):
        return str(self.traverse_inorder(self.root))

    def bfs(self, node):
        if not node or node not in self.nodes:
            return
        reachable = []    
        q = deque()
        # add starting node to queue
        q.append(node)
        while len(q):
            visit = q.popleft()
            # add currently visited BinaryTreeNode to list
            reachable.append(visit)
            # add left/right children as needed
            if visit.left:
                q.append(visit.left)
            if visit.right:
                q.append(visit.right)
        return reachable

    # visit left child, root, then right child
    def traverse_inorder(self, node, reachable=None):
        if not node or node.key not in self.nodes:
            return
        if reachable is None:
            reachable = []
        self.traverse_inorder(node.left, reachable)
        reachable.append(node.key)
        self.traverse_inorder(node.right, reachable)
        return reachable

    # visit left and right children, then root
    # root of tree is always last to be visited
    def traverse_postorder(self, node, reachable=None):
        if not node or node.key not in self.nodes:
            return
        if reachable is None:
            reachable = []
        self.traverse_postorder(node.left, reachable)
        self.traverse_postorder(node.right, reachable)
        reachable.append(node.key)
        return reachable

    # visit root, left, then right children
    # root is always visited first
    def traverse_preorder(self, node, reachable=None):
        if not node or node.key not in self.nodes:
            return
        if reachable is None:
            reachable = []
        reachable.append(node.key)
        self.traverse_preorder(node.left, reachable)
        self.traverse_preorder(node.right, reachable)
        return reachable

你不需要两节课

class Tree:
    val = None
    left = None
    right = None

    def __init__(self, val):
        self.val = val


    def insert(self, val):
        if self.val is not None:
            if val < self.val:
                if self.left is not None:
                    self.left.insert(val)
                else:
                    self.left = Tree(val)
            elif val > self.val:
                if self.right is not None:
                    self.right.insert(val)
                else:
                    self.right = Tree(val)
            else:
                return
        else:
            self.val = val
            print("new node added")

    def showTree(self):
        if self.left is not None:
            self.left.showTree()
        print(self.val, end = ' ')
        if self.right is not None:
            self.right.showTree()

多一点“ Pythonic”？

class Node:
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value
        self.left = None
        self.right = None

    def __repr__(self):
        return str(self.value)



class BST:
    def __init__(self):
        self.root = None

    def __repr__(self):
        self.sorted = []
        self.get_inorder(self.root)
        return str(self.sorted)

    def get_inorder(self, node):
        if node:
            self.get_inorder(node.left)
            self.sorted.append(str(node.value))
            self.get_inorder(node.right)

    def add(self, value):
        if not self.root:
            self.root = Node(value)
        else:
            self._add(self.root, value)

    def _add(self, node, value):
        if value <= node.value:
            if node.left:
                self._add(node.left, value)
            else:
                node.left = Node(value)
        else:
            if node.right:
                self._add(node.right, value)
            else:
                node.right = Node(value)



from random import randint

bst = BST()

for i in range(100):
    bst.add(randint(1, 1000))
print (bst)

#!/usr/bin/python

class BinaryTree:
    def __init__(self, left, right, data):
        self.left = left
        self.right = right
        self.data = data


    def pre_order_traversal(root):
        print(root.data, end=' ')

        if root.left != None:
            pre_order_traversal(root.left)

        if root.right != None:
            pre_order_traversal(root.right)

    def in_order_traversal(root):
        if root.left != None:
            in_order_traversal(root.left)
        print(root.data, end=' ')
        if root.right != None:
            in_order_traversal(root.right)

    def post_order_traversal(root):
        if root.left != None:
            post_order_traversal(root.left)
        if root.right != None:
            post_order_traversal(root.right)
        print(root.data, end=' ')

一个 Node基类连接的节点的是一个标准的做法。这些可能很难想象。

摘自有关Python模式-实现图形的文章，请考虑一个简单的字典：

给定

二叉树

               a
              / \
             b   c
            / \   \
           d   e   f

码

制作一个唯一节点的字典：

tree = {
   "a": ["b", "c"],
   "b": ["d", "e"],
   "c": [None, "f"],
   "d": [None, None],
   "e": [None, None],
   "f": [None, None],
}

细节

• 每个键值对都是一个唯一的节点指向其子级。
• 列表（或元组）包含一对有序的左/右子级。
• 有命令命令插入的字典，假定第一个条目为根。
• 常用方法可以是使dict变异或遍历的函数（请参阅参考资料find_all_paths()）。

基于树的功能通常包括以下常见操作：

• 遍历：以给定的顺序产生每个节点（通常从左到右）
  • 广度优先搜索（BFS）：遍历级别
  • 深度优先搜索（DFS）：先进行遍历分支（前/后/后顺序）
• insert：根据子节点数将节点添加到树中
• remove：根据子节点数删除节点
• 更新：将丢失的节点从一棵树合并到另一棵树
• visit：得出遍历节点的值

尝试实施所有这些操作。在这里，我们演示这些功能之一 -BFS遍历：

例

import collections as ct


def traverse(tree):
    """Yield nodes from a tree via BFS."""
    q = ct.deque()                                         # 1
    root = next(iter(tree))                                # 2
    q.append(root)

    while q:
        node = q.popleft()
        children = filter(None, tree.get(node))
        for n in children:                                 # 3 
            q.append(n)
        yield node

list(traverse(tree))
# ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

这是应用于节点和子级字典的广度优先搜索（级别顺序）算法。

1. 初始化FIFO队列。我们使用deque，但使用queue或list作品（后者效率低下）。
2. 获取并排队根节点（假设根是字典中的第一个条目，Python 3.6+）。
3. 迭代地使一个节点出队，使其子节点入队并产生节点值。

另请参阅此有关树的深入教程。

洞察力

一般而言，遍历有很多好处，我们只需将队列替换为堆栈即可轻松地将后者的迭代方法更改为深度优先搜索（DFS）（即LIFO队列））。这仅表示我们从排队的同一侧出队。DFS允许我们搜索每个分支。

怎么样？由于我们使用deque，我们可以通过更改node = q.popleft()为node = q.pop()（右）来模拟堆栈。结果是正确的，预购的DFS：['a', 'c', 'f', 'b', 'e', 'd']。

import random

class TreeNode:
    def __init__(self, key):
        self.key = key
        self.left = None
        self.right = None
        self.p = None

class BinaryTree:
    def __init__(self):
        self.root = None

    def length(self):
        return self.size

    def inorder(self, node):
        if node == None:
            return None
        else:
            self.inorder(node.left)
            print node.key,
            self.inorder(node.right)

    def search(self, k):
        node = self.root
        while node != None:
            if node.key == k:
                return node
            if node.key > k:
                node = node.left
            else:
                node = node.right
        return None

    def minimum(self, node):
        x = None
        while node.left != None:
            x = node.left
            node = node.left
        return x

    def maximum(self, node):
        x = None
        while node.right != None:
            x = node.right
            node = node.right
        return x

    def successor(self, node):
        parent = None
        if node.right != None:
            return self.minimum(node.right)
        parent = node.p
        while parent != None and node == parent.right:
            node = parent
            parent = parent.p
        return parent

    def predecessor(self, node):
        parent = None
        if node.left != None:
            return self.maximum(node.left)
        parent = node.p
        while parent != None and node == parent.left:
            node = parent
            parent = parent.p
        return parent

    def insert(self, k):
        t = TreeNode(k)
        parent = None
        node = self.root
        while node != None:
            parent = node
            if node.key > t.key:
                node = node.left
            else:
                node = node.right
        t.p = parent
        if parent == None:
            self.root = t
        elif t.key < parent.key:
            parent.left = t
        else:
            parent.right = t
        return t


    def delete(self, node):
        if node.left == None:
            self.transplant(node, node.right)
        elif node.right == None:
            self.transplant(node, node.left)
        else:
            succ = self.minimum(node.right)
            if succ.p != node:
                self.transplant(succ, succ.right)
                succ.right = node.right
                succ.right.p = succ
            self.transplant(node, succ)
            succ.left = node.left
            succ.left.p = succ

    def transplant(self, node, newnode):
        if node.p == None:
            self.root = newnode
        elif node == node.p.left:
            node.p.left = newnode
        else:
            node.p.right = newnode
        if newnode != None:
            newnode.p = node.p

此实现支持插入，查找和删除操作，而不会破坏树的结构。这不是平衡树。

# Class for construct the nodes of the tree. (Subtrees)
class Node:
def __init__(self, key, parent_node = None):
    self.left = None
    self.right = None
    self.key = key
    if parent_node == None:
        self.parent = self
    else:
        self.parent = parent_node

# Class with the  structure of the tree. 
# This Tree is not balanced.
class Tree:
def __init__(self):
    self.root = None

# Insert a single element
def insert(self, x):
    if(self.root == None):
        self.root = Node(x)
    else:
        self._insert(x, self.root)

def _insert(self, x, node):
    if(x < node.key):
        if(node.left == None):
            node.left = Node(x, node)
        else:
            self._insert(x, node.left)
    else:
        if(node.right == None):
            node.right = Node(x, node)
        else:
            self._insert(x, node.right)

# Given a element, return a node in the tree with key x. 
def find(self, x):
    if(self.root == None):
        return None
    else:
        return self._find(x, self.root)
def _find(self, x, node):
    if(x == node.key):
        return node
    elif(x < node.key):
        if(node.left == None):
            return None
        else:
            return self._find(x, node.left)
    elif(x > node.key):
        if(node.right == None):
            return None
        else:
            return self._find(x, node.right)

# Given a node, return the node in the tree with the next largest element.
def next(self, node):
    if node.right != None:
        return self._left_descendant(node.right)
    else:
        return self._right_ancestor(node)

def _left_descendant(self, node):
    if node.left == None:
        return node
    else:
        return self._left_descendant(node.left)

def _right_ancestor(self, node):
    if node.key <= node.parent.key:
        return node.parent
    else:
        return self._right_ancestor(node.parent)

# Delete an element of the tree
def delete(self, x):
    node = self.find(x)
    if node == None:
        print(x, "isn't in the tree")
    else:
        if node.right == None:
            if node.left == None:
                if node.key < node.parent.key:
                    node.parent.left = None
                    del node # Clean garbage
                else:
                    node.parent.right = None
                    del Node # Clean garbage
            else:
                node.key = node.left.key
                node.left = None
        else:
            x = self.next(node)
            node.key = x.key
            x = None


# tests
t = Tree()
t.insert(5)
t.insert(8)
t.insert(3)
t.insert(4)
t.insert(6)
t.insert(2)

t.delete(8)
t.delete(5)

t.insert(9)
t.insert(1)

t.delete(2)
t.delete(100)

# Remember: Find method return the node object. 
# To return a number use t.find(nº).key
# But it will cause an error if the number is not in the tree.
print(t.find(5)) 
print(t.find(8))
print(t.find(4))
print(t.find(6))
print(t.find(9))

我知道已经发布了许多好的解决方案，但是对于二叉树，我通常采用不同的方法：使用某些Node类并直接实现它更具可读性，但是当您有很多节点时，对于内存可能会变得非常贪婪，所以我建议增加一层复杂性并将节点存储在python列表中，然后仅使用该列表来模拟树的行为。

您仍然可以定义Node类，以在需要时最终表示树中的节点，但是将它们以简单的形式[value，left，right]保留在列表中将使用一半的内存或更少的内存！

这是二进制搜索树类的快速示例，该类将节点存储在数组中。它提供了基本功能，例如添加，删除，查找…

"""
Basic Binary Search Tree class without recursion...
"""

__author__ = "@fbparis"

class Node(object):
    __slots__ = "value", "parent", "left", "right"
    def __init__(self, value, parent=None, left=None, right=None):
        self.value = value
        self.parent = parent
        self.left = left
        self.right = right

    def __repr__(self):
        return "<%s object at %s: parent=%s, left=%s, right=%s, value=%s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, hex(id(self)), self.parent, self.left, self.right, self.value)

class BinarySearchTree(object):
    __slots__ = "_tree"
    def __init__(self, *args):
        self._tree = []
        if args:
            for x in args[0]:
                self.add(x)

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self._tree)

    def __repr__(self):
        return "<%s object at %s with %d nodes>" % (self.__class__.__name__, hex(id(self)), len(self))

    def __str__(self, nodes=None, level=0):
        ret = ""
        if nodes is None:
            if len(self):
                nodes = [0]
            else:
                nodes = []
        for node in nodes:
            if node is None:
                continue
            ret += "-" * level + " %s\n" % self._tree[node][0]
            ret += self.__str__(self._tree[node][2:4], level + 1)
        if level == 0:
            ret = ret.strip()
        return ret

    def __contains__(self, value):
        if len(self):
            node_index = 0
            while self._tree[node_index][0] != value:
                if value < self._tree[node_index][0]:
                    node_index = self._tree[node_index][2]
                else:
                    node_index = self._tree[node_index][3]
                if node_index is None:
                    return False
            return True
        return False

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return self._tree == other._tree

    def add(self, value):
        if len(self):
            node_index = 0
            while self._tree[node_index][0] != value:
                if value < self._tree[node_index][0]:
                    b = self._tree[node_index][2]
                    k = 2
                else:
                    b = self._tree[node_index][3]
                    k = 3
                if b is None:
                    self._tree[node_index][k] = len(self)
                    self._tree.append([value, node_index, None, None])
                    break
                node_index = b
        else:
            self._tree.append([value, None, None, None])

    def remove(self, value):
        if len(self):
            node_index = 0
            while self._tree[node_index][0] != value:
                if value < self._tree[node_index][0]:
                    node_index = self._tree[node_index][2]
                else:
                    node_index = self._tree[node_index][3]
                if node_index is None:
                    raise KeyError
            if self._tree[node_index][2] is not None:
                b, d = 2, 3
            elif self._tree[node_index][3] is not None:
                b, d = 3, 2
            else:
                i = node_index
                b = None
            if b is not None:
                i = self._tree[node_index][b]
                while self._tree[i][d] is not None:
                    i = self._tree[i][d]
                p = self._tree[i][1]
                b = self._tree[i][b]
                if p == node_index:
                    self._tree[p][5-d] = b
                else:
                    self._tree[p][d] = b
                if b is not None:
                    self._tree[b][1] = p
                self._tree[node_index][0] = self._tree[i][0]
            else:
                p = self._tree[i][1]
                if p is not None:
                    if self._tree[p][2] == i:
                        self._tree[p][2] = None
                    else:
                        self._tree[p][3] = None
            last = self._tree.pop()
            n = len(self)
            if i < n:
                self._tree[i] = last[:]
                if last[2] is not None:
                    self._tree[last[2]][1] = i
                if last[3] is not None:
                    self._tree[last[3]][1] = i
                if self._tree[last[1]][2] == n:
                    self._tree[last[1]][2] = i
                else:
                    self._tree[last[1]][3] = i
        else:
            raise KeyError

    def find(self, value):
        if len(self):
            node_index = 0
            while self._tree[node_index][0] != value:
                if value < self._tree[node_index][0]:
                    node_index = self._tree[node_index][2]
                else:
                    node_index = self._tree[node_index][3]
                if node_index is None:
                    return None
            return Node(*self._tree[node_index])
        return None

我添加了一个父属性，以便您可以删除任何节点并维护BST结构。

抱歉，为了便于阅读，尤其是对于“删除”功能。基本上，当一个节点被删除时，我们弹出树数组并用最后一个元素替换它（除非我们想删除最后一个节点）。为了维持BST结构，将删除的节点替换为其左侧子节点的最大值或右侧子节点的最小值，并且必须执行一些操作才能使索引有效，但它必须足够快。

我将这种技术用于更高级的东西，用内部基数trie构建了一些大单词字典，并且我能够将内存消耗除以7-8（您可以在此处看到示例：https : //gist.github.com/fbparis / b3ddd5673b603b42c880974b23db7cda）

二进制搜索树的良好实现，取自此处：

'''
A binary search Tree
'''
from __future__ import print_function
class Node:

    def __init__(self, label, parent):
        self.label = label
        self.left = None
        self.right = None
        #Added in order to delete a node easier
        self.parent = parent

    def getLabel(self):
        return self.label

    def setLabel(self, label):
        self.label = label

    def getLeft(self):
        return self.left

    def setLeft(self, left):
        self.left = left

    def getRight(self):
        return self.right

    def setRight(self, right):
        self.right = right

    def getParent(self):
        return self.parent

    def setParent(self, parent):
        self.parent = parent

class BinarySearchTree:

    def __init__(self):
        self.root = None

    def insert(self, label):
        # Create a new Node
        new_node = Node(label, None)
        # If Tree is empty
        if self.empty():
            self.root = new_node
        else:
            #If Tree is not empty
            curr_node = self.root
            #While we don't get to a leaf
            while curr_node is not None:
                #We keep reference of the parent node
                parent_node = curr_node
                #If node label is less than current node
                if new_node.getLabel() < curr_node.getLabel():
                #We go left
                    curr_node = curr_node.getLeft()
                else:
                    #Else we go right
                    curr_node = curr_node.getRight()
            #We insert the new node in a leaf
            if new_node.getLabel() < parent_node.getLabel():
                parent_node.setLeft(new_node)
            else:
                parent_node.setRight(new_node)
            #Set parent to the new node
            new_node.setParent(parent_node)      

    def delete(self, label):
        if (not self.empty()):
            #Look for the node with that label
            node = self.getNode(label)
            #If the node exists
            if(node is not None):
                #If it has no children
                if(node.getLeft() is None and node.getRight() is None):
                    self.__reassignNodes(node, None)
                    node = None
                #Has only right children
                elif(node.getLeft() is None and node.getRight() is not None):
                    self.__reassignNodes(node, node.getRight())
                #Has only left children
                elif(node.getLeft() is not None and node.getRight() is None):
                    self.__reassignNodes(node, node.getLeft())
                #Has two children
                else:
                    #Gets the max value of the left branch
                    tmpNode = self.getMax(node.getLeft())
                    #Deletes the tmpNode
                    self.delete(tmpNode.getLabel())
                    #Assigns the value to the node to delete and keesp tree structure
                    node.setLabel(tmpNode.getLabel())

    def getNode(self, label):
        curr_node = None
        #If the tree is not empty
        if(not self.empty()):
            #Get tree root
            curr_node = self.getRoot()
            #While we don't find the node we look for
            #I am using lazy evaluation here to avoid NoneType Attribute error
            while curr_node is not None and curr_node.getLabel() is not label:
                #If node label is less than current node
                if label < curr_node.getLabel():
                    #We go left
                    curr_node = curr_node.getLeft()
                else:
                    #Else we go right
                    curr_node = curr_node.getRight()
        return curr_node

    def getMax(self, root = None):
        if(root is not None):
            curr_node = root
        else:
            #We go deep on the right branch
            curr_node = self.getRoot()
        if(not self.empty()):
            while(curr_node.getRight() is not None):
                curr_node = curr_node.getRight()
        return curr_node

    def getMin(self, root = None):
        if(root is not None):
            curr_node = root
        else:
            #We go deep on the left branch
            curr_node = self.getRoot()
        if(not self.empty()):
            curr_node = self.getRoot()
            while(curr_node.getLeft() is not None):
                curr_node = curr_node.getLeft()
        return curr_node

    def empty(self):
        if self.root is None:
            return True
        return False

    def __InOrderTraversal(self, curr_node):
        nodeList = []
        if curr_node is not None:
            nodeList.insert(0, curr_node)
            nodeList = nodeList + self.__InOrderTraversal(curr_node.getLeft())
            nodeList = nodeList + self.__InOrderTraversal(curr_node.getRight())
        return nodeList

    def getRoot(self):
        return self.root

    def __isRightChildren(self, node):
        if(node == node.getParent().getRight()):
            return True
        return False

    def __reassignNodes(self, node, newChildren):
        if(newChildren is not None):
            newChildren.setParent(node.getParent())
        if(node.getParent() is not None):
            #If it is the Right Children
            if(self.__isRightChildren(node)):
                node.getParent().setRight(newChildren)
            else:
                #Else it is the left children
                node.getParent().setLeft(newChildren)

    #This function traversal the tree. By default it returns an
    #In order traversal list. You can pass a function to traversal
    #The tree as needed by client code
    def traversalTree(self, traversalFunction = None, root = None):
        if(traversalFunction is None):
            #Returns a list of nodes in preOrder by default
            return self.__InOrderTraversal(self.root)
        else:
            #Returns a list of nodes in the order that the users wants to
            return traversalFunction(self.root)

    #Returns an string of all the nodes labels in the list 
    #In Order Traversal
    def __str__(self):
        list = self.__InOrderTraversal(self.root)
        str = ""
        for x in list:
            str = str + " " + x.getLabel().__str__()
        return str

def InPreOrder(curr_node):
    nodeList = []
    if curr_node is not None:
        nodeList = nodeList + InPreOrder(curr_node.getLeft())
        nodeList.insert(0, curr_node.getLabel())
        nodeList = nodeList + InPreOrder(curr_node.getRight())
    return nodeList

def testBinarySearchTree():
    r'''
    Example
                  8
                 / \
                3   10
               / \    \
              1   6    14
                 / \   /
                4   7 13 
    '''

    r'''
    Example After Deletion
                  7
                 / \
                1   4

    '''
    t = BinarySearchTree()
    t.insert(8)
    t.insert(3)
    t.insert(6)
    t.insert(1)
    t.insert(10)
    t.insert(14)
    t.insert(13)
    t.insert(4)
    t.insert(7)

    #Prints all the elements of the list in order traversal
    print(t.__str__())

    if(t.getNode(6) is not None):
        print("The label 6 exists")
    else:
        print("The label 6 doesn't exist")

    if(t.getNode(-1) is not None):
        print("The label -1 exists")
    else:
        print("The label -1 doesn't exist")

    if(not t.empty()):
        print(("Max Value: ", t.getMax().getLabel()))
        print(("Min Value: ", t.getMin().getLabel()))

    t.delete(13)
    t.delete(10)
    t.delete(8)
    t.delete(3)
    t.delete(6)
    t.delete(14)

    #Gets all the elements of the tree In pre order
    #And it prints them
    list = t.traversalTree(InPreOrder, t.root)
    for x in list:
        print(x)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    testBinarySearchTree()