从异常对象中提取回溯信息

Given an Exception object (of unknown origin) is there way to obtain its traceback? I have code like this:

def stuff():
   try:
       .....
       return useful
   except Exception as e:
       return e

result = stuff()
if isinstance(result, Exception):
    result.traceback <-- How?

How can I extract the traceback from the Exception object once I have it?

The answer to this question depends on the version of Python you’re using.

In Python 3

It’s simple: exceptions come equipped with a __traceback__ attribute that contains the traceback. This attribute is also writable, and can be conveniently set using the with_traceback method of exceptions:

raise Exception("foo occurred").with_traceback(tracebackobj)

These features are minimally described as part of the raise documentation.

All credit for this part of the answer should go to Vyctor, who first posted this information. I’m including it here only because this answer is stuck at the top, and Python 3 is becoming more common.

In Python 2

It’s annoyingly complex. The trouble with tracebacks is that they have references to stack frames, and stack frames have references to the tracebacks that have references to stack frames that have references to… you get the idea. This causes problems for the garbage collector. (Thanks to ecatmur for first pointing this out.)

The nice way of solving this would be to surgically break the cycle after leaving the except clause, which is what Python 3 does. The Python 2 solution is much uglier: you are provided with an ad-hoc function,sys.exc_info(), which only works inside the except clause. It returns a tuple containing the exception, the exception type, and the traceback for whatever exception is currently being handled.

So if you are inside the except clause, you can use the output of sys.exc_info() along with the traceback module to do various useful things:

>>> import sys, traceback
>>> def raise_exception():
...     try:
...         raise Exception
...     except Exception:
...         ex_type, ex, tb = sys.exc_info()
...         traceback.print_tb(tb)
...     finally:
...         del tb
... 
>>> raise_exception()
  File "<stdin>", line 3, in raise_exception

But as your edit indicates, you’re trying to get the traceback that would have been printed if your exception had not been handled, after it has already been handled. That’s a much harder question. Unfortunately, sys.exc_info returns (None, None, None) when no exception is being handled. Other related sys attributes don’t help either. sys.exc_traceback is deprecated and undefined when no exception is being handled; sys.last_traceback seems perfect, but it appears only to be defined during interactive sessions.

If you can control how the exception is raised, you might be able to use inspect and a custom exception to store some of the information. But I’m not entirely sure how that would work.

To tell the truth, catching and returning an exception is kind of an unusual thing to do. This might be a sign that you need to refactor anyway.

Since Python 3.0^{[PEP 3109]} the built in class has a __traceback__ attribute which contains a traceback object (with Python 3.2.3):

>>> try:
...     raise Exception()
... except Exception as e:
...     tb = e.__traceback__
...
>>> tb
<traceback object at 0x00000000022A9208>

The problem is that after for a while I found only few articles but none of them describes whether or why you should (not) use __traceback__.

However, the Python 3 documentation for raise says that:

A traceback object is normally created automatically when an exception is raised and attached to it as the __traceback__ attribute, which is writable.

So I assume it’s meant to be used.

A way to get traceback as a string from an exception object in Python 3:

import traceback

# `e` is an exception object that you get from somewhere
traceback_str = ''.join(traceback.format_tb(e.__traceback__))

traceback.format_tb(...) returns a list of strings. ''.join(...) joins them together. For more reference, please visit: https://docs.python.org/3/library/traceback.html#traceback.format_tb

As an aside, if you want to actually get the full traceback as you would see it printed to your terminal, you want this:

>>> try:
...     print(1/0)
... except Exception as e:
...     exc = e
...
>>> exc
ZeroDivisionError('division by zero')
>>> tb_str = traceback.format_exception(etype=type(exc), value=exc, tb=exc.__traceback__)
>>> tb_str
['Traceback (most recent call last):\n', '  File "<stdin>", line 2, in <module>\n', 'ZeroDivisionError: division by zero\n']
>>> print("".join(tb_str))
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 2, in <module>
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

If you use format_tb as above answers suggest you’ll get less information:

>>> tb_str = "".join(traceback.format_tb(exc.__traceback__))
>>> print("".join(tb_str))
  File "<stdin>", line 2, in <module>

There’s a very good reason the traceback is not stored in the exception; because the traceback holds references to its stack’s locals, this would result in a circular reference and (temporary) memory leak until the circular GC kicks in. (This is why you should never store the traceback in a local variable.)

About the only thing I can think of would be for you to monkeypatch stuff‘s globals so that when it thinks it’s catching Exception it’s actually catching a specialised type and the exception propagates to you as the caller:

module_containing_stuff.Exception = type("BogusException", (Exception,), {})
try:
    stuff()
except Exception:
    import sys
    print sys.exc_info()