列表理解和功能比“ for循环”快吗？

Question 1

In terms of performance in Python, is a list-comprehension, or functions like map(), filter() and reduce() faster than a for loop? Why, technically, they run in a C speed, while the for loop runs in the python virtual machine speed?.

Suppose that in a game that I’m developing I need to draw complex and huge maps using for loops. This question would be definitely relevant, for if a list-comprehension, for example, is indeed faster, it would be a much better option in order to avoid lags (Despite the visual complexity of the code).

Question 2

The following are rough guidelines and educated guesses based on experience. You should timeit or profile your concrete use case to get hard numbers, and those numbers may occasionally disagree with the below.

A list comprehension is usually a tiny bit faster than the precisely equivalent for loop (that actually builds a list), most likely because it doesn’t have to look up the list and its append method on every iteration. However, a list comprehension still does a bytecode-level loop:

>>> dis.dis(<the code object for `[x for x in range(10)]`>)
 1           0 BUILD_LIST               0
             3 LOAD_FAST                0 (.0)
       >>    6 FOR_ITER                12 (to 21)
             9 STORE_FAST               1 (x)
            12 LOAD_FAST                1 (x)
            15 LIST_APPEND              2
            18 JUMP_ABSOLUTE            6
       >>   21 RETURN_VALUE

Using a list comprehension in place of a loop that doesn’t build a list, nonsensically accumulating a list of meaningless values and then throwing the list away, is often slower because of the overhead of creating and extending the list. List comprehensions aren’t magic that is inherently faster than a good old loop.

As for functional list processing functions: While these are written in C and probably outperform equivalent functions written in Python, they are not necessarily the fastest option. Some speed up is expected if the function is written in C too. But most cases using a lambda (or other Python function), the overhead of repeatedly setting up Python stack frames etc. eats up any savings. Simply doing the same work in-line, without function calls (e.g. a list comprehension instead of map or filter) is often slightly faster.

Suppose that in a game that I’m developing I need to draw complex and huge maps using for loops. This question would be definitely relevant, for if a list-comprehension, for example, is indeed faster, it would be a much better option in order to avoid lags (Despite the visual complexity of the code).

Chances are, if code like this isn’t already fast enough when written in good non-“optimized” Python, no amount of Python level micro optimization is going to make it fast enough and you should start thinking about dropping to C. While extensive micro optimizations can often speed up Python code considerably, there is a low (in absolute terms) limit to this. Moreover, even before you hit that ceiling, it becomes simply more cost efficient (15% speedup vs. 300% speed up with the same effort) to bite the bullet and write some C.

Question 3

If you check the info on python.org, you can see this summary:

Version Time (seconds)
Basic loop 3.47
Eliminate dots 2.45
Local variable & no dots 1.79
Using map function 0.54

But you really should read the above article in details to understand the cause of the performance difference.

I also strongly suggest you should time your code by using timeit. At the end of the day, there can be a situation where, for example, you may need to break out of for loop when a condition is met. It could potentially be faster than finding out the result by calling map.

Question 4

You ask specifically about map(), filter() and reduce(), but I assume you want to know about functional programming in general. Having tested this myself on the problem of computing distances between all points within a set of points, functional programming (using the starmap function from the built-in itertools module) turned out to be slightly slower than for-loops (taking 1.25 times as long, in fact). Here is the sample code I used:

import itertools, time, math, random

class Point:
    def __init__(self,x,y):
        self.x, self.y = x, y

point_set = (Point(0, 0), Point(0, 1), Point(0, 2), Point(0, 3))
n_points = 100
pick_val = lambda : 10 * random.random() - 5
large_set = [Point(pick_val(), pick_val()) for _ in range(n_points)]
    # the distance function
f_dist = lambda x0, x1, y0, y1: math.sqrt((x0 - x1) ** 2 + (y0 - y1) ** 2)
    # go through each point, get its distance from all remaining points 
f_pos = lambda p1, p2: (p1.x, p2.x, p1.y, p2.y)

extract_dists = lambda x: itertools.starmap(f_dist, 
                          itertools.starmap(f_pos, 
                          itertools.combinations(x, 2)))

print('Distances:', list(extract_dists(point_set)))

t0_f = time.time()
list(extract_dists(large_set))
dt_f = time.time() - t0_f

Is the functional version faster than the procedural version?

def extract_dists_procedural(pts):
    n_pts = len(pts)
    l = []    
    for k_p1 in range(n_pts - 1):
        for k_p2 in range(k_p1, n_pts):
            l.append((pts[k_p1].x - pts[k_p2].x) ** 2 +
                     (pts[k_p1].y - pts[k_p2].y) ** 2)
    return l

t0_p = time.time()
list(extract_dists_procedural(large_set)) 
    # using list() on the assumption that
    # it eats up as much time as in the functional version

dt_p = time.time() - t0_p

f_vs_p = dt_p / dt_f
if f_vs_p >= 1.0:
    print('Time benefit of functional progamming:', f_vs_p, 
          'times as fast for', n_points, 'points')
else:
    print('Time penalty of functional programming:', 1 / f_vs_p, 
          'times as slow for', n_points, 'points')

Question 5

I wrote a simple script that test the speed and this is what I found out. Actually for loop was fastest in my case. That really suprised me, check out bellow (was calculating sum of squares).

from functools import reduce
import datetime


def time_it(func, numbers, *args):
    start_t = datetime.datetime.now()
    for i in range(numbers):
        func(args[0])
    print (datetime.datetime.now()-start_t)

def square_sum1(numbers):
    return reduce(lambda sum, next: sum+next**2, numbers, 0)


def square_sum2(numbers):
    a = 0
    for i in numbers:
        i = i**2
        a += i
    return a

def square_sum3(numbers):
    sqrt = lambda x: x**2
    return sum(map(sqrt, numbers))

def square_sum4(numbers):
    return(sum([int(i)**2 for i in numbers]))


time_it(square_sum1, 100000, [1, 2, 5, 3, 1, 2, 5, 3])
time_it(square_sum2, 100000, [1, 2, 5, 3, 1, 2, 5, 3])
time_it(square_sum3, 100000, [1, 2, 5, 3, 1, 2, 5, 3])
time_it(square_sum4, 100000, [1, 2, 5, 3, 1, 2, 5, 3])

0:00:00.302000 #Reduce
0:00:00.144000 #For loop
0:00:00.318000 #Map
0:00:00.390000 #List comprehension

Question 6

I modified @Alisa’s code and used cProfile to show why list comprehension is faster:

from functools import reduce
import datetime

def reduce_(numbers):
    return reduce(lambda sum, next: sum + next * next, numbers, 0)

def for_loop(numbers):
    a = []
    for i in numbers:
        a.append(i*2)
    a = sum(a)
    return a

def map_(numbers):
    sqrt = lambda x: x*x
    return sum(map(sqrt, numbers))

def list_comp(numbers):
    return(sum([i*i for i in numbers]))

funcs = [
        reduce_,
        for_loop,
        map_,
        list_comp
        ]

if __name__ == "__main__":
    # [1, 2, 5, 3, 1, 2, 5, 3]
    import cProfile
    for f in funcs:
        print('=' * 25)
        print("Profiling:", f.__name__)
        print('=' * 25)
        pr = cProfile.Profile()
        for i in range(10**6):
            pr.runcall(f, [1, 2, 5, 3, 1, 2, 5, 3])
        pr.create_stats()
        pr.print_stats()

Here’s the results:

=========================
Profiling: reduce_
=========================
         11000000 function calls in 1.501 seconds

   Ordered by: standard name

   ncalls  tottime  percall  cumtime  percall filename:lineno(function)
  1000000    0.162    0.000    1.473    0.000 profiling.py:4(reduce_)
  8000000    0.461    0.000    0.461    0.000 profiling.py:5(<lambda>)
  1000000    0.850    0.000    1.311    0.000 {built-in method _functools.reduce}
  1000000    0.028    0.000    0.028    0.000 {method 'disable' of '_lsprof.Profiler' objects}


=========================
Profiling: for_loop
=========================
         11000000 function calls in 1.372 seconds

   Ordered by: standard name

   ncalls  tottime  percall  cumtime  percall filename:lineno(function)
  1000000    0.879    0.000    1.344    0.000 profiling.py:7(for_loop)
  1000000    0.145    0.000    0.145    0.000 {built-in method builtins.sum}
  8000000    0.320    0.000    0.320    0.000 {method 'append' of 'list' objects}
  1000000    0.027    0.000    0.027    0.000 {method 'disable' of '_lsprof.Profiler' objects}


=========================
Profiling: map_
=========================
         11000000 function calls in 1.470 seconds

   Ordered by: standard name

   ncalls  tottime  percall  cumtime  percall filename:lineno(function)
  1000000    0.264    0.000    1.442    0.000 profiling.py:14(map_)
  8000000    0.387    0.000    0.387    0.000 profiling.py:15(<lambda>)
  1000000    0.791    0.000    1.178    0.000 {built-in method builtins.sum}
  1000000    0.028    0.000    0.028    0.000 {method 'disable' of '_lsprof.Profiler' objects}


=========================
Profiling: list_comp
=========================
         4000000 function calls in 0.737 seconds

   Ordered by: standard name

   ncalls  tottime  percall  cumtime  percall filename:lineno(function)
  1000000    0.318    0.000    0.709    0.000 profiling.py:18(list_comp)
  1000000    0.261    0.000    0.261    0.000 profiling.py:19(<listcomp>)
  1000000    0.131    0.000    0.131    0.000 {built-in method builtins.sum}
  1000000    0.027    0.000    0.027    0.000 {method 'disable' of '_lsprof.Profiler' objects}

IMHO:

reduce and map are in general pretty slow. Not only that, using sum on the iterators that map returned is slow, compared to suming a list
for_loop uses append, which is of course slow to some extent
list-comprehension not only spent the least time building the list, it also makes sum much quicker, in contrast to map

Question 7

Adding a twist to Alphii answer, actually the for loop would be second best and about 6 times slower than map

from functools import reduce
import datetime


def time_it(func, numbers, *args):
    start_t = datetime.datetime.now()
    for i in range(numbers):
        func(args[0])
    print (datetime.datetime.now()-start_t)

def square_sum1(numbers):
    return reduce(lambda sum, next: sum+next**2, numbers, 0)


def square_sum2(numbers):
    a = 0
    for i in numbers:
        a += i**2
    return a

def square_sum3(numbers):
    a = 0
    map(lambda x: a+x**2, numbers)
    return a

def square_sum4(numbers):
    a = 0
    return [a+i**2 for i in numbers]

time_it(square_sum1, 100000, [1, 2, 5, 3, 1, 2, 5, 3])
time_it(square_sum2, 100000, [1, 2, 5, 3, 1, 2, 5, 3])
time_it(square_sum3, 100000, [1, 2, 5, 3, 1, 2, 5, 3])
time_it(square_sum4, 100000, [1, 2, 5, 3, 1, 2, 5, 3])

Main changes have been to eliminate the slow sum calls, as well as the probably unnecessary int() in the last case. Putting the for loop and map in the same terms makes it quite fact, actually. Remember that lambdas are functional concepts and theoretically shouldn’t have side effects, but, well, they can have side effects like adding to a. Results in this case with Python 3.6.1, Ubuntu 14.04, Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4770 CPU @ 3.40GHz

0:00:00.257703 #Reduce
0:00:00.184898 #For loop
0:00:00.031718 #Map
0:00:00.212699 #List comprehension

Question 8

I have managed to modify some of @alpiii’s code and discovered that List comprehension is a little faster than for loop. It might be caused by int(), it is not fair between list comprehension and for loop.

from functools import reduce
import datetime

def time_it(func, numbers, *args):
    start_t = datetime.datetime.now()
    for i in range(numbers):
        func(args[0])
    print (datetime.datetime.now()-start_t)

def square_sum1(numbers):
    return reduce(lambda sum, next: sum+next*next, numbers, 0)

def square_sum2(numbers):
    a = []
    for i in numbers:
        a.append(i*2)
    a = sum(a)
    return a

def square_sum3(numbers):
    sqrt = lambda x: x*x
    return sum(map(sqrt, numbers))

def square_sum4(numbers):
    return(sum([i*i for i in numbers]))

time_it(square_sum1, 100000, [1, 2, 5, 3, 1, 2, 5, 3])
time_it(square_sum2, 100000, [1, 2, 5, 3, 1, 2, 5, 3])
time_it(square_sum3, 100000, [1, 2, 5, 3, 1, 2, 5, 3])
time_it(square_sum4, 100000, [1, 2, 5, 3, 1, 2, 5, 3])

0:00:00.101122 #Reduce

0:00:00.089216 #For loop

0:00:00.101532 #Map

0:00:00.068916 #List comprehension

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列表理解和功能比“ for循环”快吗？

问题：列表理解和功能比“ for循环”快吗？

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