在Django中，如何使用动态字段查找过滤QuerySet？

Given a class:

from django.db import models

class Person(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=20)

Is it possible, and if so how, to have a QuerySet that filters based on dynamic arguments? For example:

 # Instead of:
 Person.objects.filter(name__startswith='B')
 # ... and:
 Person.objects.filter(name__endswith='B')

 # ... is there some way, given:
 filter_by = '{0}__{1}'.format('name', 'startswith')
 filter_value = 'B'

 # ... that you can run the equivalent of this?
 Person.objects.filter(filter_by=filter_value)
 # ... which will throw an exception, since `filter_by` is not
 # an attribute of `Person`.

Python’s argument expansion may be used to solve this problem:

kwargs = {
    '{0}__{1}'.format('name', 'startswith'): 'A',
    '{0}__{1}'.format('name', 'endswith'): 'Z'
}

Person.objects.filter(**kwargs)

This is a very common and useful Python idiom.

A simplified example:

In a Django survey app, I wanted an HTML select list showing registered users. But because we have 5000 registered users, I needed a way to filter that list based on query criteria (such as just people who completed a certain workshop). In order for the survey element to be re-usable, I needed for the person creating the survey question to be able to attach those criteria to that question (don’t want to hard-code the query into the app).

The solution I came up with isn’t 100% user friendly (requires help from a tech person to create the query) but it does solve the problem. When creating the question, the editor can enter a dictionary into a custom field, e.g.:

{'is_staff':True,'last_name__startswith':'A',}

That string is stored in the database. In the view code, it comes back in as self.question.custom_query . The value of that is a string that looks like a dictionary. We turn it back into a real dictionary with eval() and then stuff it into the queryset with **kwargs:

kwargs = eval(self.question.custom_query)
user_list = User.objects.filter(**kwargs).order_by("last_name")   

Django.db.models.Q is exactly what you want in a Django way.

A really complex search forms usually indicates that a simpler model is trying to dig it’s way out.

How, exactly, do you expect to get the values for the column name and operation? Where do you get the values of 'name' an 'startswith'?

 filter_by = '%s__%s' % ('name', 'startswith')

1. A “search” form? You’re going to — what? — pick the name from a list of names? Pick the operation from a list of operations? While open-ended, most people find this confusing and hard-to-use.

   How many columns have such filters? 6? 12? 18?

   • A few? A complex pick-list doesn’t make sense. A few fields and a few if-statements make sense.
   • A large number? Your model doesn’t sound right. It sounds like the “field” is actually a key to a row in another table, not a column.

2. Specific filter buttons. Wait… That’s the way the Django admin works. Specific filters are turned into buttons. And the same analysis as above applies. A few filters make sense. A large number of filters usually means a kind of first normal form violation.

A lot of similar fields often means there should have been more rows and fewer fields.