如何（在运行时）检查一个类是否是另一个类的子类？

Let’s say that I have a class Suit and four subclasses of suit: Heart, Spade, Diamond, Club.

class Suit:
   ...
class Heart(Suit):
   ...
class Spade(Suit):
   ...
class Diamond(Suit):
   ...
class Club(Suit):
   ...

I have a method which receives a suit as a parameter, which is a class object, not an instance. More precisely, it may receive only one of the four values: Heart, Spade, Diamond, Club. How can I make an assertion which ensures such a thing? Something like:

def my_method(suit):
   assert(suit subclass of Suit)
   ...

I’m using Python 3.

You can use issubclass() like this assert issubclass(suit, Suit).

issubclass(class, classinfo)

Excerpt:

Return true if class is a subclass (direct, indirect or virtual) of classinfo.

You can use isinstance if you have an instance, or issubclass if you have a class. Normally thought its a bad idea. Normally in Python you work out if an object is capable of something by attempting to do that thing to it.

The issubclass(sub, sup) boolean function returns true if the given subclass sub is indeed a subclass of the superclass sup.

issubclass minimal runnable example

Here is a more complete example with some assertions:

#!/usr/bin/env python3

class Base:
    pass

class Derived(Base):
    pass

base = Base()
derived = Derived()

# Basic usage.
assert issubclass(Derived, Base)
assert not issubclass(Base, Derived)

# True for same object.
assert issubclass(Base, Base)

# Cannot use object of class.
try:
    issubclass(derived, Base)
except TypeError:
    pass
else:
    assert False

# Do this instead.
assert isinstance(derived, Base)

GitHub upstream.

Tested in Python 3.5.2.

You can use the builtin issubclass. But type checking is usually seen as unneccessary because you can use duck-typing.

Using issubclass seemed like a clean way to write loglevels. It kinda feels odd using it… but it seems cleaner than other options.

class Error(object): pass
class Warn(Error): pass
class Info(Warn): pass
class Debug(Info): pass

class Logger():
    LEVEL = Info

    @staticmethod
    def log(text,level):
        if issubclass(Logger.LEVEL,level):
            print(text)
    @staticmethod
    def debug(text):
        Logger.log(text,Debug)   
    @staticmethod
    def info(text):
        Logger.log(text,Info)
    @staticmethod
    def warn(text):
        Logger.log(text,Warn)
    @staticmethod
    def error(text):
        Logger.log(text,Error)

According to the Python doc, we can also use class.__mro__ attribute or class.mro() method:

class Suit:
    pass
class Heart(Suit):
    pass
class Spade(Suit):
    pass
class Diamond(Suit):
    pass
class Club(Suit):
    pass

>>> Heart.mro()
[<class '__main__.Heart'>, <class '__main__.Suit'>, <class 'object'>]
>>> Heart.__mro__
(<class '__main__.Heart'>, <class '__main__.Suit'>, <class 'object'>)

Suit in Heart.mro()  # True
object in Heart.__mro__  # True
Spade in Heart.mro()  # False

#issubclass(child,parent)

class a:
    pass
class b(a):
    pass
class c(b):
    pass

print(issubclass(c,b))#it returns true