问题:导入模块中全局变量的可见性

我在使用Python脚本导入模块时遇到了一些麻烦。我将尽力描述错误,为什么会遇到错误以及为什么要使用这种特殊方法来解决我的问题(我将在稍后描述):

假设我有一个模块,其中定义了一些实用程序函数/类,这些函数/类引用在此辅助模块将导入到的命名空间中定义的实体(让“ a”是这样的实体):

模块1:

def f():
    print a

然后,我有了主程序,其中定义了“ a”,我要将这些实用程序导入其中:

import module1
a=3
module1.f()

执行该程序将触发以下错误:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "Z:\Python\main.py", line 10, in <module>
    module1.f()
  File "Z:\Python\module1.py", line 3, in f
    print a
NameError: global name 'a' is not defined

过去(两天前,d’uh)曾提出类似的问题,并提出了几种解决方案,但是我真的不认为这些符合我的要求。这是我的特定情况:

我正在尝试制作一个Python程序,该程序连接到MySQL数据库服务器并使用GUI显示/修改数据。为了简洁起见,我在一个单独的文件中定义了一堆与MySQL相关的辅助/实用程序功能。但是它们都有一个公共变量,该变量是我最初实用程序模块中定义的,并且是MySQLdb模块中的游标对象。后来我意识到,游标对象(用于与db服务器通信的对象)应该在主模块中定义,以便主模块和导入到其中的所有对象都可以访问该对象。

最终结果将是这样的:

utilities_module.py:

def utility_1(args):
    code which references a variable named "cur"
def utility_n(args):
    etcetera

而我的主要模块:

program.py:

import MySQLdb, Tkinter
db=MySQLdb.connect(#blahblah) ; cur=db.cursor()  #cur is defined!
from utilities_module import *

然后,一旦我尝试调用任何实用程序函数,就会触发上述“未定义全局名称”错误。

一个特别的建议是在实用程序文件中有一个“ from program import cur”语句,例如:

utilities_module.py:

from program import cur
#rest of function definitions

program.py:

import Tkinter, MySQLdb
db=MySQLdb.connect(#blahblah) ; cur=db.cursor()  #cur is defined!
from utilities_module import *

但这是循环导入或类似的操作,最重要的是,它也崩溃了。所以我的问题是:

我该如何在主模块中定义的“ cur”对象对导入到其中的辅助功能可见?

如果您将解决方案发布在其他位置,则感谢您的宝贵时间和最深切的歉意。我只是自己找不到答案,而且我的书中没有其他花招。

I’ve run into a bit of a wall importing modules in a Python script. I’ll do my best to describe the error, why I run into it, and why I’m tying this particular approach to solve my problem (which I will describe in a second):

Let’s suppose I have a module in which I’ve defined some utility functions/classes, which refer to entities defined in the namespace into which this auxiliary module will be imported (let “a” be such an entity):

module1:

def f():
    print a

And then I have the main program, where “a” is defined, into which I want to import those utilities:

import module1
a=3
module1.f()

Executing the program will trigger the following error:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "Z:\Python\main.py", line 10, in <module>
    module1.f()
  File "Z:\Python\module1.py", line 3, in f
    print a
NameError: global name 'a' is not defined

Similar questions have been asked in the past (two days ago, d’uh) and several solutions have been suggested, however I don’t really think these fit my requirements. Here’s my particular context:

I’m trying to make a Python program which connects to a MySQL database server and displays/modifies data with a GUI. For cleanliness sake, I’ve defined the bunch of auxiliary/utility MySQL-related functions in a separate file. However they all have a common variable, which I had originally defined inside the utilities module, and which is the cursor object from MySQLdb module. I later realised that the cursor object (which is used to communicate with the db server) should be defined in the main module, so that both the main module and anything that is imported into it can access that object.

End result would be something like this:

utilities_module.py:

def utility_1(args):
    code which references a variable named "cur"
def utility_n(args):
    etcetera

And my main module:

program.py:

import MySQLdb, Tkinter
db=MySQLdb.connect(#blahblah) ; cur=db.cursor()  #cur is defined!
from utilities_module import *

And then, as soon as I try to call any of the utilities functions, it triggers the aforementioned “global name not defined” error.

A particular suggestion was to have a “from program import cur” statement in the utilities file, such as this:

utilities_module.py:

from program import cur
#rest of function definitions

program.py:

import Tkinter, MySQLdb
db=MySQLdb.connect(#blahblah) ; cur=db.cursor()  #cur is defined!
from utilities_module import *

But that’s cyclic import or something like that and, bottom line, it crashes too. So my question is:

How in hell can I make the “cur” object, defined in the main module, visible to those auxiliary functions which are imported into it?

Thanks for your time and my deepest apologies if the solution has been posted elsewhere. I just can’t find the answer myself and I’ve got no more tricks in my book.


回答 0

Python中的全局变量是模块的全局变量,而不是所有模块的全局变量。(许多人对此感到困惑,因为在C语言中,除非您明确创建全局变量,否则所有实现文件中的全局变量都是相同的static。)

有多种解决方法,具体取决于您的实际用例。


在走这条路之前,请问自己这是否真的需要是全球性的。也许您真的想要一个带有f实例方法的类,而不仅仅是一个自由函数?然后,您可以执行以下操作:

import module1
thingy1 = module1.Thingy(a=3)
thingy1.f()

如果您确实确实想要一个全局变量,但是它只是供您使用module1,请在该模块中进行设置。

import module1
module1.a=3
module1.f()

另一方面,如果a由许多模块共享,则将其放置在其他位置,并让每个人都将其导入:

import shared_stuff
import module1
shared_stuff.a = 3
module1.f()

…并且,在module1.py中:

import shared_stuff
def f():
    print shared_stuff.a

from除非变量打算是一个常量,否则不要使用导入。from shared_stuff import a会创建一个新a变量,初始化为shared_stuff.a导入时所引用的变量,并且该新a变量将不受分配的影响shared_stuff.a


或者,在极少数情况下,您确实确实需要它在任何地方都具有真正的全局性(例如内置),将其添加到内置模块中。确切的细节在Python 2.x和3.x之间有所不同。在3.x中,它的工作方式如下:

import builtins
import module1
builtins.a = 3
module1.f()

Globals in Python are global to a module, not across all modules. (Many people are confused by this, because in, say, C, a global is the same across all implementation files unless you explicitly make it static.)

There are different ways to solve this, depending on your actual use case.


Before even going down this path, ask yourself whether this really needs to be global. Maybe you really want a class, with f as an instance method, rather than just a free function? Then you could do something like this:

import module1
thingy1 = module1.Thingy(a=3)
thingy1.f()

If you really do want a global, but it’s just there to be used by module1, set it in that module.

import module1
module1.a=3
module1.f()

On the other hand, if a is shared by a whole lot of modules, put it somewhere else, and have everyone import it:

import shared_stuff
import module1
shared_stuff.a = 3
module1.f()

… and, in module1.py:

import shared_stuff
def f():
    print shared_stuff.a

Don’t use a from import unless the variable is intended to be a constant. from shared_stuff import a would create a new a variable initialized to whatever shared_stuff.a referred to at the time of the import, and this new a variable would not be affected by assignments to shared_stuff.a.


Or, in the rare case that you really do need it to be truly global everywhere, like a builtin, add it to the builtin module. The exact details differ between Python 2.x and 3.x. In 3.x, it works like this:

import builtins
import module1
builtins.a = 3
module1.f()

回答 1

解决方法是,您可以考虑像这样在外层设置环境变量。

main.py:

import os
os.environ['MYVAL'] = str(myintvariable)

mymodule.py:

import os

myval = None
if 'MYVAL' in os.environ:
    myval = os.environ['MYVAL']

作为额外的预防措施,请在模块内部未定义MYVAL的情况下进行处理。

As a workaround, you could consider setting environment variables in the outer layer, like this.

main.py:

import os
os.environ['MYVAL'] = str(myintvariable)

mymodule.py:

import os

myval = None
if 'MYVAL' in os.environ:
    myval = os.environ['MYVAL']

As an extra precaution, handle the case when MYVAL is not defined inside the module.


回答 2

函数使用其定义模块的全局变量。a = 3例如,应该设置而不是set module1.a = 3。因此,如果要cur用作全局输入utilities_module,请设置utilities_module.cur

更好的解决方案:不要使用全局变量。将所需的变量传递到需要它的函数中,或者创建一个类将所有数据捆绑在一起,并在初始化实例时传递它。

A function uses the globals of the module it’s defined in. Instead of setting a = 3, for example, you should be setting module1.a = 3. So, if you want cur available as a global in utilities_module, set utilities_module.cur.

A better solution: don’t use globals. Pass the variables you need into the functions that need it, or create a class to bundle all the data together, and pass it when initializing the instance.


回答 3

这篇文章只是我遇到的Python行为的观察。如果您做的事情与我在下面做的相同,则上面阅读的建议可能对您不起作用。

即,我有一个包含全局/共享变量的模块(如上所述):

#sharedstuff.py

globaltimes_randomnode=[]
globalist_randomnode=[]

然后,我有一个主要模块,用于导入共享内容:

import sharedstuff as shared

以及实际填充这些数组的其他一些模块。这些由主模块调用。当退出这些其他模块时,我可以清楚地看到已填充了阵列。但是,当在主模块中重新读取它们时,它们为空。这对我来说很奇怪(嗯,我是Python的新手)。但是,当我将主模块中的sharedstuff.py导入方式更改为:

from globals import *

它有效(填充了数组)。

只是在说’

This post is just an observation for Python behaviour I encountered. Maybe the advices you read above don’t work for you if you made the same thing I did below.

Namely, I have a module which contains global/shared variables (as suggested above):

#sharedstuff.py

globaltimes_randomnode=[]
globalist_randomnode=[]

Then I had the main module which imports the shared stuff with:

import sharedstuff as shared

and some other modules that actually populated these arrays. These are called by the main module. When exiting these other modules I can clearly see that the arrays are populated. But when reading them back in the main module, they were empty. This was rather strange for me (well, I am new to Python). However, when I change the way I import the sharedstuff.py in the main module to:

from globals import *

it worked (the arrays were populated).

Just sayin’


回答 4

解决此特定问题的最简单方法是在模块内添加另一个功能,该功能会将光标存储在模块的全局变量中。然后所有其他功能也可以使用它。

模块1:

cursor = None

def setCursor(cur):
    global cursor
    cursor = cur

def method(some, args):
    global cursor
    do_stuff(cursor, some, args)

主程序:

import module1

cursor = get_a_cursor()
module1.setCursor(cursor)
module1.method()

The easiest solution to this particular problem would have been to add another function within the module that would have stored the cursor in a variable global to the module. Then all the other functions could use it as well.

module1:

cursor = None

def setCursor(cur):
    global cursor
    cursor = cur

def method(some, args):
    global cursor
    do_stuff(cursor, some, args)

main program:

import module1

cursor = get_a_cursor()
module1.setCursor(cursor)
module1.method()

回答 5

由于全局变量是特定于模块的,因此可以将以下函数添加到所有导入的模块中,然后将其用于:

  • 将单数变量(以字典格式)添加为这些变量的全局变量
  • 将您的模块全局变量传递给它。

addglobals = lambda x:globals()。update(x)

然后,您需要传递当前的全局变量是:

导入模块

module.addglobals(globals())

Since globals are module specific, you can add the following function to all imported modules, and then use it to:

  • Add singular variables (in dictionary format) as globals for those
  • Transfer your main module globals to it .

addglobals = lambda x: globals().update(x)

Then all you need to pass on current globals is:

import module

module.addglobals(globals())


回答 6

由于我在上面的答案中没有看到它,因此我想我将添加一个简单的解决方法,global_dict即向需要调用模块全局变量的函数添加一个参数,然后在调用时将dict传递给该函数。例如:

# external_module
def imported_function(global_dict=None):
    print(global_dict["a"])


# calling_module
a = 12
from external_module import imported_function
imported_function(global_dict=globals())

>>> 12

Since I haven’t seen it in the answers above, I thought I would add my simple workaround, which is just to add a global_dict argument to the function requiring the calling module’s globals, and then pass the dict into the function when calling; e.g:

# external_module
def imported_function(global_dict=None):
    print(global_dict["a"])


# calling_module
a = 12
from external_module import imported_function
imported_function(global_dict=globals())

>>> 12

回答 7

这样做的OOP方法是使模块成为类,而不是一组未绑定的方法。然后,您可以使用__init__或setter方法来设置来自调用方的变量,以用于模块方法中。

The OOP way of doing this would be to make your module a class instead of a set of unbound methods. Then you could use __init__ or a setter method to set the variables from the caller for use in the module methods.


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